key concepts
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| What are the three types of neurons? | sensory; motor; interneurons
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| What is the function of the sensory neurons? | detect info from physical world, pass to brain
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| What is the function of the motor neurons? | direct muscles to contract or relax, producing movement
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| What is the function of the interneurons? | communicate within local or short distance circuits
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| What are the two main parts of the nervous system? | central; peripheral
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| What parts make up the central nervous system? | brain; spinal cord
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| What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system? | somatic; autonomic
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| What parts send signals back and forth to the CNS in the somatic nervous system? | skin; muscles; joints
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| What parts send signals back and forth to the CNS in the autonomic nervous system? | glands; internal organs
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| What are the two sections of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic; parasympathetic
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| What is resting membrane potential? | electrical charge of inactive neurons
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| What is action potential? | electrical signal that passes along the axon and causes a release of chemicals from terminal buttons
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| Excitatory signals? | depolarize cell membrane, increasing firing probability
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| Inhibitory signals? | hyperpolarize cell membrane, decreasing firing probability
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| Agonists? | drugs and toxins that enhance actions of neurotransmitters
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| Antagonists? | drugs and toxins that inhibit actions of neurotransmitters
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| What are the eight common neurotransmitters? | acetylcholine; epinephrine; norepinephrine; serotonin; dopamine; GABA; glutamate; endorphins
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| Main functions of acetylcholine? | motor control over muscles; learning; memory; sleeping; dreaming
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| Main functions of epinephrine? | energy
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| Main functions of norepinephrine? | arousal; vigilance; attention
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| Main functions of serotonin? | emotional states; impulsiveness; dreaming
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| Main functions of dopamine? | reward; motivation; motor control over voluntary movement
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| Main functions of GABA? | inhibition of action potentials; anxiety reduction
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| Main functions of glutamate? | enhancement of action potentials; learning; memory
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| Main functions of endorphins? | pain reduction; reward
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| What does GABA stand for? | gamma-aminobutryric acid
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| Functions of Broca's area? | production of language
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| What does EEG stand for? | electroencephalograph
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| What does an EEG do? | measures electrical activity in brain
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| Functions of brain stem? | controls survival; heart rate; breathing; swallowing; vomiting; urinating; orgasm
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| Functions of cerebellum? | coordinated movement and balance
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| Functions of thalamus? | gateway; receives sensory info from the environment and distributes it to rest of brain
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| What sense does not pass through the thalamus? | smell
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| Functions of hypothalamus? | regulation of bodily functions; temperature; rhythms; blood pressure; blood glucose; influences motivated behaviors
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| Functions of hippocampus? | formation of memories
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| Functions of amygdala? | emotional response association; processing emotional info
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| Functions of basal ganglia? | planning; production of movement
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| What is the cerebral cortex? | outer layer of brain tissue
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| What is the corpus callosum? | bridge of axons connecting hemispheres; allows flow of info
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| What are the four cerebral lobes? | occipital; parietal; temporal; frontal
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| Processes of occipital lobes? | vision
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| Processes of parietal lobes? | touch; spatial relations
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| Processes of temporal lobes? | hearing; memory
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| Processes of frontal lobes? | thought; planning; movement
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| What is hemineglect? | neurological disorder caused by damage to right parietal region; patients fail to notice anything on their left side
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| Functions of prefrontal cortex? | attention; working memory; decision making; appropriate social behavior, personality
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| What is split brain? | When the corpus callosum is surgically cut; the left side can recognize and verbalize, but the right side can only recognize
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| What is plasticity? | a property that allows the brain to change as a result of experience or injury
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| What is a common phrase that describes the nature of neuron firing? | neurons that fire together, wire together
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| What is neurogenesis? | production of new neurons
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| What is sensation? | detection of external stimuli and transmission of this info to brain
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| What is perception? | processing, organization, interpretation of sensory signals
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| What is bottom-up processing? | Perception based on physical features of stimulus
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| What is top-down processing? | how knowledge, expectations, past experiences shape interpretations of sensory info
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| What is transduction? | process by which sensory stimuli are converted to signals the brain can interpret
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| Stimuli for vision? | light waves
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| Receptors for vision? | light sensitive rods and cones in retina
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| Pathways to brain for vision? | optic nerve
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| Stimuli for hearing? | sound waves
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| Receptors for hearing? | pressure-sensitive hair cells in cochlea of inner ear
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| Pathways to brain for hearing? | auditory nerve
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| Stimuli for taste? | molecules dissolved in saliva
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| Receptors for taste? | cells in taste buds on tongue
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| Pathways to brain for taste? | portions of facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves
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| Stimuli for smell? | molecules dissolved in fluid on membrane of nose
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| Receptors for smell? | sensitive ends of olfactory mucous neurons in the mucous membranes
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| Pathways to brain for smell? | olfactory nerve
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| Stimuli for touch? | pressure on skin
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| Receptors for touch? | sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin
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| Pathways to brain for touch? | cranial nerves for touch above the neck, spinal nerves for elsewhere
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| What is absolute threshold? | minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation
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| What is difference threshold? | minimum mount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli
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| What does SDT stand for? | signal detection theory
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| What is signal detection theory? | theory of perception based on the idea that detection of stimulus requires judgement
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| What are the four payoffs for SDT? | hit; miss; false alarm; correct rejection
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| What is response bias? | participant's tendency to report detecting signal in an ambiguous trial
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| What is sensory adaptation? | decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
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| What is the retina? | thin inner surface of back of eyeball
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| What is the function of the retina? | contains sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals
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| What are rods? | retinal cells that respond to low levels of light, resulting in black-and-white perception
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| What are cones? | retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light, resulting in color perception
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| What is the fovea? | center of the retina, where cones are densely packed; no rods
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| LSD affected neurotransmitters? | serotonin
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| LSD process? | binds to serotonin receptors; may be inhibitory or excitatory
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| LSD areas of brain? | locus coeruleus (LC)
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| LSD effects? | wakefulness; startle response
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| Cocaine affected neurotransmitters? | dopamine
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| Cocaine process? | traps dopamine in synaptic cleft
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| Cocaine areas of brain? | reward pathway
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| Cocaine effects? | voluntary movements
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| Alcohol affected neurotransmitters? | GABA; glutamate
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| Alcohol process? | GABA receptors become more inhibitory; prevents glutamate from exciting cell
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| Alcohol effects? | memory formation; decision making; impulse control
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| Meth affected neurotransmitters? | dopamine
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| Meth process? | mimics dopamine; pushes dopamine out of cell and into synapse
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| Meth areas of brain? | reward pathway
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| Marijuana affected neurotransmitters? | dopamine
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| Marijuana process? | mimics inhibitory blocker, allowing release of dopamine
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| Marijuana effects? | removal of memories; slowing movement; relaxation
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| Ecstasy affected neurotransmitters? | seortonin; dopamine
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| Ecstasy process? | mimics serotonin; confuses receptors, making them function in reverse; serotonin trapped in synapse
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| Ecstasy areas of brain? | indirect reward pathway
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| Ecstasy effects? | mood; sleep; perception; appetite
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| Heroin affect neurotransmitters? | dopamine
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| Heroin process? | mimics inhibitory blocker, allow release of dopamine
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| Heroin effects? | pain signals; stress response; emotional attachment
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| What is the definition of psychology? | scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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| What is behavior? | Directly measurable
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| What are the 6 mental processes? | think; perceive; judge; learn; remember; internal
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| What is a theory? | organized explanation that describes and predicts; big picture
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| What is a hypothesis? | specific and testable; relationship between variables
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| What is operationalizing? | ambiguous to measurable
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| What are the 3 study types? | descriptive; correlational; experiments
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| What is descriptive research? | case studies; surveys; naturalistic observations
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| What is correlational research? | statistical measure of 2 variable variations
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| What are experiments? | how does X affect Y?
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| What are behavioral genetics? | similarities in families
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| What are monozygotic twins? | 100% gene share
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| What are dizygotic twins? | ~50% gene share
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| What controls the withdrawal reflex? | spinal cord
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| What 8 parts make up the endocrine system? | hypothalamus; pituitary; thyroid; parathyroids; adrenal glands; pancreas; testes; ovaries
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| What is the blood-brain barrier? | large molecules not permitted; brain's only defense
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| What is the pons in charge of? | REM sleep; breath; bridge between cerebellum and rest of brain
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| What is the reticular formation? | network of nerve fibers; activation and arousal
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| What is the substantia nigra? | dopamine source; pathway to basal ganglia
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| What two parts make up the limbic system? | amygdala; hippocampus
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| Do all axons have myelin sheaths? | no
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| What are the glia? | provide insulation for neurons; remove waste and foreign bodies
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| What is postsynaptic potential (PSP)? | voltage change at receptor site; not all or none; changes probability of neuron firing
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| What is an EPSP? | excitatory postsynaptic potential; positive shift
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| What is an IPSP? | inhibitory postsynaptic potential; negative shift
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| What is an SSRI? | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; increases availability of serotonin
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| What is an agonist? | mimics and increases neurotransmitter action
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| What is an antagonist? | opposes action of neurotransmitter
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| What is sensation? | raw data; stimulation of sense organs
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| What is perception? | making sense of it; selection; organization; interpretation of sensory input
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| What is absolute threshold? | detected 50% of the time
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| What is just noticeable difference (JND)? | smallest difference detectable 50% of the time
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| What is Weber's law? | size of JND proportional to size of initial stimulus
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| What is the order of visual information processing? | light; rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve; optic chiasm; brain
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| What is trichromatic theory? | eye detects 3 primary colors; blue, green, red; all other colors can be derived by combining these
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| What are the 3 monocular cues? | linear perspective; relative size; overlap/interposition; texture gradient
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| What are the 2 binocular cues? | retinal disparity; convergence
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| What is heritability? | statistical; variance of phenotype accounted for by genotype
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