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CCC PSY Final
key concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three types of neurons? | sensory; motor; interneurons |
| What is the function of the sensory neurons? | detect info from physical world, pass to brain |
| What is the function of the motor neurons? | direct muscles to contract or relax, producing movement |
| What is the function of the interneurons? | communicate within local or short distance circuits |
| What are the two main parts of the nervous system? | central; peripheral |
| What parts make up the central nervous system? | brain; spinal cord |
| What are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system? | somatic; autonomic |
| What parts send signals back and forth to the CNS in the somatic nervous system? | skin; muscles; joints |
| What parts send signals back and forth to the CNS in the autonomic nervous system? | glands; internal organs |
| What are the two sections of the autonomic nervous system? | sympathetic; parasympathetic |
| What is resting membrane potential? | electrical charge of inactive neurons |
| What is action potential? | electrical signal that passes along the axon and causes a release of chemicals from terminal buttons |
| Excitatory signals? | depolarize cell membrane, increasing firing probability |
| Inhibitory signals? | hyperpolarize cell membrane, decreasing firing probability |
| Agonists? | drugs and toxins that enhance actions of neurotransmitters |
| Antagonists? | drugs and toxins that inhibit actions of neurotransmitters |
| What are the eight common neurotransmitters? | acetylcholine; epinephrine; norepinephrine; serotonin; dopamine; GABA; glutamate; endorphins |
| Main functions of acetylcholine? | motor control over muscles; learning; memory; sleeping; dreaming |
| Main functions of epinephrine? | energy |
| Main functions of norepinephrine? | arousal; vigilance; attention |
| Main functions of serotonin? | emotional states; impulsiveness; dreaming |
| Main functions of dopamine? | reward; motivation; motor control over voluntary movement |
| Main functions of GABA? | inhibition of action potentials; anxiety reduction |
| Main functions of glutamate? | enhancement of action potentials; learning; memory |
| Main functions of endorphins? | pain reduction; reward |
| What does GABA stand for? | gamma-aminobutryric acid |
| Functions of Broca's area? | production of language |
| What does EEG stand for? | electroencephalograph |
| What does an EEG do? | measures electrical activity in brain |
| Functions of brain stem? | controls survival; heart rate; breathing; swallowing; vomiting; urinating; orgasm |
| Functions of cerebellum? | coordinated movement and balance |
| Functions of thalamus? | gateway; receives sensory info from the environment and distributes it to rest of brain |
| What sense does not pass through the thalamus? | smell |
| Functions of hypothalamus? | regulation of bodily functions; temperature; rhythms; blood pressure; blood glucose; influences motivated behaviors |
| Functions of hippocampus? | formation of memories |
| Functions of amygdala? | emotional response association; processing emotional info |
| Functions of basal ganglia? | planning; production of movement |
| What is the cerebral cortex? | outer layer of brain tissue |
| What is the corpus callosum? | bridge of axons connecting hemispheres; allows flow of info |
| What are the four cerebral lobes? | occipital; parietal; temporal; frontal |
| Processes of occipital lobes? | vision |
| Processes of parietal lobes? | touch; spatial relations |
| Processes of temporal lobes? | hearing; memory |
| Processes of frontal lobes? | thought; planning; movement |
| What is hemineglect? | neurological disorder caused by damage to right parietal region; patients fail to notice anything on their left side |
| Functions of prefrontal cortex? | attention; working memory; decision making; appropriate social behavior, personality |
| What is split brain? | When the corpus callosum is surgically cut; the left side can recognize and verbalize, but the right side can only recognize |
| What is plasticity? | a property that allows the brain to change as a result of experience or injury |
| What is a common phrase that describes the nature of neuron firing? | neurons that fire together, wire together |
| What is neurogenesis? | production of new neurons |
| What is sensation? | detection of external stimuli and transmission of this info to brain |
| What is perception? | processing, organization, interpretation of sensory signals |
| What is bottom-up processing? | Perception based on physical features of stimulus |
| What is top-down processing? | how knowledge, expectations, past experiences shape interpretations of sensory info |
| What is transduction? | process by which sensory stimuli are converted to signals the brain can interpret |
| Stimuli for vision? | light waves |
| Receptors for vision? | light sensitive rods and cones in retina |
| Pathways to brain for vision? | optic nerve |
| Stimuli for hearing? | sound waves |
| Receptors for hearing? | pressure-sensitive hair cells in cochlea of inner ear |
| Pathways to brain for hearing? | auditory nerve |
| Stimuli for taste? | molecules dissolved in saliva |
| Receptors for taste? | cells in taste buds on tongue |
| Pathways to brain for taste? | portions of facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves |
| Stimuli for smell? | molecules dissolved in fluid on membrane of nose |
| Receptors for smell? | sensitive ends of olfactory mucous neurons in the mucous membranes |
| Pathways to brain for smell? | olfactory nerve |
| Stimuli for touch? | pressure on skin |
| Receptors for touch? | sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin |
| Pathways to brain for touch? | cranial nerves for touch above the neck, spinal nerves for elsewhere |
| What is absolute threshold? | minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation |
| What is difference threshold? | minimum mount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli |
| What does SDT stand for? | signal detection theory |
| What is signal detection theory? | theory of perception based on the idea that detection of stimulus requires judgement |
| What are the four payoffs for SDT? | hit; miss; false alarm; correct rejection |
| What is response bias? | participant's tendency to report detecting signal in an ambiguous trial |
| What is sensory adaptation? | decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation |
| What is the retina? | thin inner surface of back of eyeball |
| What is the function of the retina? | contains sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals |
| What are rods? | retinal cells that respond to low levels of light, resulting in black-and-white perception |
| What are cones? | retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light, resulting in color perception |
| What is the fovea? | center of the retina, where cones are densely packed; no rods |
| LSD affected neurotransmitters? | serotonin |
| LSD process? | binds to serotonin receptors; may be inhibitory or excitatory |
| LSD areas of brain? | locus coeruleus (LC) |
| LSD effects? | wakefulness; startle response |
| Cocaine affected neurotransmitters? | dopamine |
| Cocaine process? | traps dopamine in synaptic cleft |
| Cocaine areas of brain? | reward pathway |
| Cocaine effects? | voluntary movements |
| Alcohol affected neurotransmitters? | GABA; glutamate |
| Alcohol process? | GABA receptors become more inhibitory; prevents glutamate from exciting cell |
| Alcohol effects? | memory formation; decision making; impulse control |
| Meth affected neurotransmitters? | dopamine |
| Meth process? | mimics dopamine; pushes dopamine out of cell and into synapse |
| Meth areas of brain? | reward pathway |
| Marijuana affected neurotransmitters? | dopamine |
| Marijuana process? | mimics inhibitory blocker, allowing release of dopamine |
| Marijuana effects? | removal of memories; slowing movement; relaxation |
| Ecstasy affected neurotransmitters? | seortonin; dopamine |
| Ecstasy process? | mimics serotonin; confuses receptors, making them function in reverse; serotonin trapped in synapse |
| Ecstasy areas of brain? | indirect reward pathway |
| Ecstasy effects? | mood; sleep; perception; appetite |
| Heroin affect neurotransmitters? | dopamine |
| Heroin process? | mimics inhibitory blocker, allow release of dopamine |
| Heroin effects? | pain signals; stress response; emotional attachment |
| What is the definition of psychology? | scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| What is behavior? | Directly measurable |
| What are the 6 mental processes? | think; perceive; judge; learn; remember; internal |
| What is a theory? | organized explanation that describes and predicts; big picture |
| What is a hypothesis? | specific and testable; relationship between variables |
| What is operationalizing? | ambiguous to measurable |
| What are the 3 study types? | descriptive; correlational; experiments |
| What is descriptive research? | case studies; surveys; naturalistic observations |
| What is correlational research? | statistical measure of 2 variable variations |
| What are experiments? | how does X affect Y? |
| What are behavioral genetics? | similarities in families |
| What are monozygotic twins? | 100% gene share |
| What are dizygotic twins? | ~50% gene share |
| What controls the withdrawal reflex? | spinal cord |
| What 8 parts make up the endocrine system? | hypothalamus; pituitary; thyroid; parathyroids; adrenal glands; pancreas; testes; ovaries |
| What is the blood-brain barrier? | large molecules not permitted; brain's only defense |
| What is the pons in charge of? | REM sleep; breath; bridge between cerebellum and rest of brain |
| What is the reticular formation? | network of nerve fibers; activation and arousal |
| What is the substantia nigra? | dopamine source; pathway to basal ganglia |
| What two parts make up the limbic system? | amygdala; hippocampus |
| Do all axons have myelin sheaths? | no |
| What are the glia? | provide insulation for neurons; remove waste and foreign bodies |
| What is postsynaptic potential (PSP)? | voltage change at receptor site; not all or none; changes probability of neuron firing |
| What is an EPSP? | excitatory postsynaptic potential; positive shift |
| What is an IPSP? | inhibitory postsynaptic potential; negative shift |
| What is an SSRI? | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; increases availability of serotonin |
| What is an agonist? | mimics and increases neurotransmitter action |
| What is an antagonist? | opposes action of neurotransmitter |
| What is sensation? | raw data; stimulation of sense organs |
| What is perception? | making sense of it; selection; organization; interpretation of sensory input |
| What is absolute threshold? | detected 50% of the time |
| What is just noticeable difference (JND)? | smallest difference detectable 50% of the time |
| What is Weber's law? | size of JND proportional to size of initial stimulus |
| What is the order of visual information processing? | light; rods and cones; bipolar cells; ganglion cells; optic nerve; optic chiasm; brain |
| What is trichromatic theory? | eye detects 3 primary colors; blue, green, red; all other colors can be derived by combining these |
| What are the 3 monocular cues? | linear perspective; relative size; overlap/interposition; texture gradient |
| What are the 2 binocular cues? | retinal disparity; convergence |
| What is heritability? | statistical; variance of phenotype accounted for by genotype |
Created by:
UtauxIkuto
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