Chapters 50,51,52,53,54,55
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| What are the two types of factors that affect an organism in their environment? | abiotic and biotic components
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| Abiotic components include... | all the nonliving chemicals and physical factors- such as temp, light, and water
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| This aspect of ecology deals with factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area. | population ecology
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| How an organism deals with challenges posed by their biotic and abiotic environments would be studied in... | organismal ecology
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| Which type of ecology would answer this question: What processes recycle vital chemical elements such as nitrogen? | Ecosystem ecology
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| This type of ecology deals with the whole array of interacting species. | community ecology
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| What does a seascape or landscape consist of? | several different ecosystems linked by exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms
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| "Look before you leap" is an example of the... | precautionary principle
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| What is studied in biogeography? | the past and present distribution of individual species
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| The critical process for understanding both geographic isolation in evolution and the broad patterns of current geographic distributions. | dispersal
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| How are ecological time and evolutionary time related? | Events that occur in ecological time affect life on the scale of evolutionary time
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| How can transplanted species affect their new habitat? | They can disrupt the ecosystem, even causing the extinction of native species.
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| What biotic factors affect the distribution of organisms? | predation, competition, behavior and habitat selection- species may only use part of the whole habitat it could survive in
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| What climatic factors affect the distribution of organisms? | temp and water
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| What biome occupies the largest part of the biosphere? | aquatic biomes
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| How are aquatic biomes stratified vertically? | light penetration, temp, and communities of organisms
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| What are the terms for vertical stratification in aquatic biomes regarding light? | photic-photosynthesis
aphotic- little light penetrates
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| What are the three ways to classify lakes regarding to nutrient content? | oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic
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| What is an estuary? | a zone where a river or stream enters the ocean; it is marked by fluctuations in salinity
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| What are the three oceanic zones? | intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones
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| Coral reefs are found in the warm, nutrient waters of the... | neritic zone
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| Photosynthetic plankton in the photic region of the pelagic zone are the... | primary food source for the rest of the community
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| Where can detritus be found? | Benthic or bottom community
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| What determines different biomes near the equator where photoperiod and temp are nearly constant? | amount and pattern of rainfall, tropical rain forest or savanna
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| This biome consists of dry scrubland where winters are mild and rainy and summers are hot and dry. | chaparral
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| What biome is successful even with periodic fires? | temperate grasslands
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| What is the largest terrestrial biome? | taiga, long, cold, snowy winters and short summers
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| What are proximate and ultimate questions? | Proximate- environmental stimuli, genetic and physiological influences
Ultimate- evolutionary significance
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| How is the nature vs. nurture issue approached in biology? | Not about either/or, It is about how both genes and environment influence development
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| What behavior is developmentally fixed? | innate behavior
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| A sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable. | fixed action pattern
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| What is behavioral ecology? | research field that views behavior as an evolutionary adaptation to the natural ecological conditions
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| The view that foraging is a compromise between feeding costs and feeding benefits. | Optimal foraging theory
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| How does learning modify behavior? | it is experience based
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| What is habituation? | loss of sensitivity to unimportant stimuli
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| What kind of learning is limited to a sensitive period? | imprinting
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| The ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use info. | cognition
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| What is a cognitive map? | internal representation of the spatial relationships among objects in their surroundings
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| Sociobiology deals with social behavior but also wants to find the history behind it or... | evolutionary context
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| This type of behavior involves a contest and the winner gains a resource or mate. | agnostic behavior
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| What are courtship functions purpose? | identify that 2 individuals are of the same species and ready to mate
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| During courtship, a male must display his... | genetic quality
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| What are the different mating systems? | promiscuous, monogamous, polygynous, or polygamous
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| What kind of behavior is altruism? | non-selfish behavior
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| Animals complete altruistic acts for those individuals who they share genes with. What is this an example of? | inclusive fitness or kin selection
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| What are two important characteristics of a population? | density and spacing of individuals
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| What are the three types of dispersion? | clumped, uniform, and random
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| The study of factors that affect the growth and decline of populations. | demography
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| What is the basic equation to assess whether a population is growing or shrinking? | Births - deaths
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| What do life tables display? | the age-specific mortality schedule for cohorts in populations
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| In what type of life history do organisms reproduce a single time and then die? | big-bang or semelparous, Repeat or iteroparous organisms breed several times
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| What model of population growth describes an idealized population in an unlimited environment? | exponential model
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| What carrying capacity curve do most scientists agree with for human population? | S-shaped curve
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| What is density-dependent selection called? | k-selection
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| What prevents unlimited population growth when population is near carrying capacity? | Negative feedback
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| What type of cycle do hares regularly have? | boom and bust cycles
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| When did human population begin growing exponentially? | Industrial Revolution
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| What does the age structure of a population effect? | societal needs
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| What is an ecological footprint? | amount of hectares of land a person or nation consumes
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| This hypothesis proposes that communities are chance assemblages of independently distributed species with the same abiotic requirements. | individualistic
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| What does the rivet model suggest? | all the species in a community are linked together in a tight web of interactions
Redundancy- not as tight, if a species is lost, another will fill the gap
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| What is the ecological niche? | The total of the organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment
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| What principle suggests that two species cannot coexist if their niches are identical? | competitive exclusion principle
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| What type of symbiotic interaction causes one species to benefit and one species to not be affected? | commensalism
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| The total energy input limits the length of the... | food chains
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| What type of species are relatively rare that exert a disproportionate influence on community structure? | keystone species
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| What is the difference between the bottom-up model and the top-down model? | B-U: nutrients and producers are dominant in community structure
T-D: Control comes from trophic level above
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| Why are most communities in a state of nonequilibrium? | disturbances, mostly from humans
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| What is the type of ecological succession that begins with no soil? | primary succession
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| What is the measure of biodiversity? | species richness
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| Where is species richness the greatest? | in the tropics
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| An island 50m from the mainland and an island 20m from the mainland. Which one will have higher species richness? | 20m away island
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| What passes from primary producers to primary consumers and then to secondary consumers? | energy and nutrients
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| How do energy and nutrients move in an ecosystem? | Energy flows and nutrients cycle
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| How are essential chemical elements recycled? | detritivores decompose elements to recycle them
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| What is net primary production? | the energy accumulated in autotroph biomass
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| What factor most limits primary production in the photic zone? | a nutrient, such as nitrogen
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| What limits primary production in terrestrial ecosystems? | temp, nutrients, moisture, more locally- soil nutrients
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| The energy transfer between trophic levels is usually less than... | 20%
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| What is the green world hypothesis? | herbivores consume a small percentage of vegetation-they are kept in check
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| How is the water cycle kept in motion? | solar energy
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| What controls the carbon cycle? | processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
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| This element enters ecosystems by atmospheric deposition and by prokaryotes. | nitrogen
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| The phosphorus cycle mainly occurs on a more... | localized scale, phosphorus doesn't enter the atmosphere
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| How are humans disrupting chemical cycles? | fertilizer
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| What is the main cause of acid precipitation? | combustion of fossil fuels
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| What property explains how toxins become magnified as they go up in trophic levels? | biological magnification
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| What is the greenhouse effect? | Global warming caused by excess CO2 in the atmosphere
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| What are the effects of ozone depletion? | more harmful UV radiation hits the earth
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| What are the three levels of biodiversity? | genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity
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| Why is biodiversity so important? | Provide humans with food, fiber and medicines and other extremely important ecosystem services
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| What is the greatest threat to biodiversity? | alteration of habitat
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| If a species loses genetic variation, what happens? | it can be trapped in a vortex of decline that leads to extinction
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| What does the declining-population approach seek to do? | identify the cause of a populations decline and develop ways to stop the decline
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| The boundaries between ecosystems and along prominent features within ecosystems that have unique physical conditions and species. | edges and corridors
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| What are hot spots? | Areas with high concentrations of endemic species, or rare species
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| What is the zoned reserve model? | An area of protected habitat surrounded by another protected area and then human habitat
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| What uses bioremediation and what is it? | Restoration ecology and it is the use of organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems
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| What is the goal of sustainable development? | To allow biodiversity along with human development, living with nature
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| The future of the biosphere may depend on our biophilia, which is... | our innate sense of connection to nature
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