Interpreting and Utilizing Clinical Statistics
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| T:FA pooly designed study can not be statistically evaluated | False. It can be evaluated
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| T:F, A poorly appied statistical test can never be evaluated | True.
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| What type of statistics makes an assumption from a sample to a population | Inferential Statistics
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| What type of stats summarizes the essential characteristics of a data set | Descriptive
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| P-value and Confidence interval are used in what type of statistics | Inferential
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| What are 2 examples of measurements that descriptive stats evaluates | central tendency and variability
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| Average for a set of numbers | mean
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| middlemost value ina set of ranked data | median
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| most frequently occuring number in a data set | mode
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| What are 3 measures of variability and be able to describe all 3 (page 16 of notes) | range, standard deviation, standard error of the mean (SEM)
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| What measure of variability relates the sample to the population | SEM
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| Does hypothesis testing establish "causality?" | yes
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| Does hypothesis testing establish certainty? | No
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| T:F, Causality and certainty are synonomous | False
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| What does the null hypothesis state? | That the treatment being evaluated has no affect on the outcome of interest
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| What type of error is described by "A false positive" | Type 1
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| What is a type 2 error | when you fasly conclude that there is no difference when in fact there really is. false negative
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| What type of error is seen when you reject the null when you really should have accepted it | type 1
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| What is alpha | Risk of experiencing a type 1 error. it is the risk we are willing to take that we will find a chance result to be significant
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| What is usually the accepted alpha value | 5%
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| T:F, alpha needs to be established a priori, however beta does not have to be established a priori | Flase. Both need to be established a priori
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| What is the risk we take at making a type 1 error | alpha
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| What is the risk of making a type 2 error | Beta
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| How would you calculate Beta | 1- power
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| What is usually the normal designation for a value of beta | 20 %
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| T:F, Hypothesis testing establishes whether the outcome of interest is due to chance alone or another factor | true
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| What is another name for hpothesis of no difference | null hypothesis
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| What are two ways to increase power | increase alpha (significance level) or increase sample size OR make assumptions (specifically one sided assumptions) or reduce variability)
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| Which type of tailed test accounts for the possibility that the drug will be inferior to the control | 2 sided test
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| What's one example of a downfall of a one-sided test | it only tests a benefit from a certain study, but does not relay information on a downfalls. Eg. a drug is beneficial will be seen, however it if is harmful it will not be seen
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| LDL cholesteril is an example of what kind of measurement | continuous
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| In a normal distribution what are the percentages of information found within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations | 1 SD- 68.3%, 2 SD- 95.5%, 3SD- 99.7%
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| What is the mean and SD in a normal distribution? | mean = 0, SD = 1
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| T:F, the central limit theorem states that as the sample size decreases and becomes sufficiently large, the distribution of the sample means tend toward normal distribution | False. This will happen as the sample size INCREASES
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| If a study were to be conducted on whether placeo or drug A was better. A sample of 20 people were randomly assined. Results were p<.005 and confidence interval was 95%. Could you conclude that the values were normally distributed? | NO. normal distribution is determined by sample size. there has to be a sample size of at least 30 to be normally distributed
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| What is the difference between parametric and nonparametric? | parametric = normall distributed, continuous data. Nonparametric = not nor. dist., nominal data or ordinal data
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| What is the probability of the observed result or a more extreme result occurring by chance alone | p-value
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| the p-value is the risk of experiencing what type of error, a fale positive or a fale negative? | false positive
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| How would you interpret a p<.05. What does ttha mean? How would you describe that value in words? | It means that there is a less than 5% chance that what we observed was due to chance alone.
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| If the p-value is to high, what should we do to the null hypothesis | you have insufficient evidence to reject the null = accept the null hypothesis
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| T:F, The p-value is an important tool in determing clinical significance | FALSE! The p-value infers nothing about clinical significance! It relates to statistical significance!
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| Is the p-calue determined post-hoc or a priori | post hoc
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| T:F, the smaller the sample size the more narrow the CI | FaLSE, the larger the sample size the more narrow the confidence interval
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| Do you want the CI to be small or large | small
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| What value gives you statistical significance | p-value
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| what value gives you clinical significance | CI
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| What is the equation used to determine relative risk reduction? | (High - low)/ high
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| What is the equation for absolute risk reduction? | hi-low
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| what is the equation for number needed to treat | 1/absolute risk reduction
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| What is the relative risk reduction? | the reduction of risk from 1 therapy to anoter.
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| what is the aboslute risk reduction | absolute differences between the probabilities of the treatment even rate and control even rate
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| How would you define NNT | the number if subjects needed to treat over a period of time in order to see the benefits of a therapy in 1 subject
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| Which one of the following is used to make clinical decisions, NNT, ARR, RRR. | NNT
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| What does the number needed to harm mean | the number needed to treat before you experience one adverse reaction
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| What is the equation for NNH | 1-ARR
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| What is the relationship between sample size and the ability to detect a difference? | Smaller sample sizes detect a large difference. large sample sizes detect small differences
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