Pharm Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacodynamics | What the drug does to the body
🗑
|
||||
| DR | Drug + Receptor; usually drug bound to a protein
🗑
|
||||
| ED50 | dose where 50% of the people would experience a therapeutic effect. Expected dose
🗑
|
||||
| TD50 | dose where 50% of people would experience toxicity. Toxic dose
🗑
|
||||
| LD50 | dose where 50% of patients would die. Lethal dose
🗑
|
||||
| Therapeutic Window (TI) | Efficacy without unacceptable toxicity. The window between the therapeutic effect and the toxic effect.
🗑
|
||||
| How to calculate TI | TD50/ED50
50% ppl with toxic/50% of ppl with therapeutic
🗑
|
||||
| High TI | wide therapeutic window (desirable because a higher dose is needed to reach toxicity and a lower dose is needed to reach efficacy)
🗑
|
||||
| Low TI | small therapeutic window (warfarin, lithium)
🗑
|
||||
| Agonists; DR* | drug is bound and is eliciting a change; conformational change is depicted by the asterisk
🗑
|
||||
| 3 types of Agonists | Full, partial or mixed agonist-antagonist, Inverse
🗑
|
||||
| Full Agonist | Elicits maximal response; stabilizes DR*, causing a full effect by activating an inactive receptor
🗑
|
||||
| Partial or mixed agonist-antagonist | stabilizes DR (antagonist, no change) and DR* (agonist, change)
🗑
|
||||
| Inverse | inactivates free active receptors (R*), stabilizes DR in the case of R*
🗑
|
||||
| Antagonists | inhibition of agonist activity. Stabilizes DR and prevents DR*
🗑
|
||||
| 3 types of antagonists | competitive, noncompetitive, nonreceptor
🗑
|
||||
| Competitive antagonists | reversible binding, active site. An agonist can bump off antagonist at the active site and cause DR*
🗑
|
||||
| Noncompetitive antagonists | irreversible active site or allosteric site; high affinity bond, no matter how many agonists it cannot bump off the agonists; Also it will bind to an alternate site and prevent the agonist from binding or prevent the agonist from causing change
🗑
|
||||
| Nonreceptor: 2 types | Chemical: agonist inactivation (protamine binds to heparin and inactivatess it)
Physiologic: mediates opposite response of agonist (how a beta blocker acts in hyperthyroidism; the patient is tachycardic so you give a beta blocker that will counter it
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacokinetics | What the body does to the drug
🗑
|
||||
| 4 topics of pharmacokinetics | absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
🗑
|
||||
| Is the lipid core hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | hydrophobic
🗑
|
||||
| Are the surfaces of the extracellular and intracellular membranes hydrophobic or hydrophilic? | hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| How do drugs pass through the membrane? | Passive diffusion (small and hydrophobic)
Facilitated diffusion (hydrophilic; needs a transporter and does not use ATP)
Active Transport (hydrophilic; needs a transporter and uses ATP.
Endocytosis: drug is engulfed and released in the cell.
🗑
|
||||
| Nonionized molecules | lipid soluble
🗑
|
||||
| Ionized molecules | hydrophilic, charged, and has difficulty penetrating the membrane
🗑
|
||||
| pKa which equation is used to calculate it? | pH at which 50% of the drug is ionized
Henderson-Hasselbach equation pH + log ([HA]/[A-])
🗑
|
||||
| pH trapping | determined by pKa and pH across membrane
weakly acidic drugs (ASA); they are protonated in the stomach (nonionized) and deprotonated in plasma (ionized)
🗑
|
||||
| BBB has tight junctions that prevent passive diffusion. So how do drugs penetrate the CNS? | They are small and hydrophobic
Active transport
Facilitated transport
Intrathecal (bypass) this is the easiest
🗑
|
||||
| Absorption depends on..... | the rate at which and extent to which the drug leaves its site of administration
🗑
|
||||
| Bioavailability | extent to which the drug reaches systemic circulation; "fraction absorbed"
🗑
|
||||
| What is the assumption about bioavailability | the site of action is reached directly from the systemic circulation
🗑
|
||||
| Factors that modify absorption | concentration, circulation at the site of absorption, drug solubility, and surface area
🗑
|
||||
| 2 phases of distribution | Initial phase: once the drug reaches systemic circulation
2nd phase: once the drug reaches the tissues (distribution to tissues)
🗑
|
||||
| Volume of distribution Vd = Dose/ [Drug]plasma | Volume of fluid required to contain the total amount of drug absorbed in the body at uniform concentrations equal to that in the plasma steady state.
🗑
|
||||
| Low Vd | retained in the vascular compartment so it does not distribute well
🗑
|
||||
| High Vd | highly distributed into non-vascular compartments; so it can pass through plasma to target organs.
🗑
|
||||
| what type of bond: shifting electron density in areas of a molecule, or in a molecule as a whole, results in the generation of transient (+) or (-) charges. These areas interact with transient areas of opposite charge on another molecule. | Van der Waals; weakest
🗑
|
||||
| What type of bond: two bonding atoms share electrons | covalent; strongest/irreversible
🗑
|
||||
| what type of bond: hydrogen atoms bound to nitrogen or oxygen become more positively polarized, allowing them to bond to more negatively polarized atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur | hydrogen
🗑
|
||||
| What type of bond: Atoms with an excess of electrons (imparting an overall negative charge on the atom) are attracted to atoms with a deficiency of electrons (imparting overall positive charge on the atom) | ionic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: "water-loving"/water-soluble | hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: Polar, usually ionized (contains a charge) | hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: lipophilic | hydrophobic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: "fat loving"/water soluble | hdrophobic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: Renal excretion | hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: Requires transport to cross cell membrane and BBB | hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: Passively diffuses across the cell membranes and BBB | hydrophobic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: Forms H+ bonds | hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic: non-polar, usually not ionized (no charge) | hydrophobic
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
nab81
Popular Nursing sets