Reproductive, Skeletal, and Misc Cancers
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| What is the most common malignancy in males in the United States? | Prostate cancer (pg 823 W/L)
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| What is the standard method of diagnosis for prostate cancer in the United Sates? | Transrectal sonography guided needle biopsy (page 825 W/L)
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| What are the most common presenting symptoms in patients diagnosed with prostate cancer? | decreased urinary stream, frequency, difficulty in starting urination, dysuria, and infrequently hematuria (page 824 W/L)
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| A firm area above the prostate suggests that the _______ _______ are involved by malignancy. | seminal vesicles (page 825 W/L)
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| Most _______ ________ are multifocal and develop in the peripheral glands of the prostate, whereas ______ _______ ________ arises from the central (periurethral) portion. | prostate carcinomas; benign prostatic hyperplasia (824 W/L)
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| What age should men begin having prostate screenings? | 50 (825 W/L)
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| What does PSA stand for? | Prostate-specific antigen (page 824 W/L)
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| Patients with resectable stage T1 or T2 prostate cancer who are in good general medical condition and have a life expectancy of at least 10 years are candidates for _____ _______. | radical prostatectomy (828 W/L)
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| What are the commonly used isotopes for prostate cancer patients? | I-125 and Pd-103 (pg 832 W/L)
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| Name three possible side effects a prostate patient may experience when receiving radiation therapy. | diarrhea, rectal discomfort, abdominal cramping Pg 832 W/L
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| Cryptorchidism is a condition where __________ | the testes do not descend W/L page 850
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| How do testicular tumors typically present themselves? | painless swelling or mass in the scrotum W/L page 850
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| If a testicular tumor is suspected, a testicular _______ should be performed. | sonogram W/L page 850
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| Where does seminoma spread to initially? | lymph nodes in the retroperiteneum pg 851 W/L
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| Less than ____ % of patients have stage III or IV testicular disease. | 5 page 851 W/L
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| The most commonly applied treatment for patients with stage I seminoma is ____ | radical orchiectomy pg 851 W/L
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| The initial treatment for nonseminoma is radical orchiectomy followed by ______ based chemothersapy. | cisplatin page 852 W/L
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| What is the recommended dose to retroperiteneal and pelvic lymphatics for stages Ia and IIA testicular disease? | 2500 cGy in 10 fractions of 180 cGy pg 853 W/L
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| What is the 5-year survival rate for stage I testicular seminoma? | 95-97% page 853 W/L
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| Name two general side effects of radiation treatment for testicular cancer. | nausea and diarrhea page 854 W/L
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| HPV is the most common risk factor for what type of cancer? | Cervix RTE page 33
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| Name two common presenting symptoms of cervical cancer. | foul smelling discharge and increased menstrual bleeding. RTE page 33
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| What is the most common histopathology of cervical cancer? | Squamous cell carcinoma RTE page 34
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| How does cervical cancer spread? | Direct extension and lymphatics RTE page 34
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| What is the most common GYN cancer | Endometrium RTE page 34
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| How is endometrial cancer diagnosed? | Dilation and Curettage RTE page 34
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| What is the most common histopathology of endometrial cancer? | Squamous cell carcinoma RTE page 34
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| Which cancer is the most common cause of GYN cancer death? | Ovarian RTE 34
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| What is the most common histopathology of ovarian cancer? | Epithelial RTE 35
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| Which treatment modality is rarely used when treating for ovarian cancer? | Radiation therapy RTE page 35
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| Radiation therapy is rarely used in the treatment of ovarian cancer due to the potential spread in the lining of the _________. | Abdomen RTE page 35
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| Vulva cancer is associated with _______ and _______. | Smoking and HPV RTE page 35
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| Red, white, or pink bumps, itching, bleeding, and discharge are symptoms associated with cancer of the vagina or vulva? | Vulva RTE page 35
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| Bleeding, discharge, mass, and painful urination are symptoms associated with cancer of the vagina or vulva? | Vagina RTE page 35
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| What is the most common histopathology of cancer of the vagina and vulva? | Squamous cell carcinoma
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| Name the two types of lymphoma. | Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin RTE page 35
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| What is the long-term side effect for chemotherapy for lymphoma? | Sterility RTE page 35
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| What is the overall survival rate for Hodgkin lymphoma? | 90% RTE page 36
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| Ages 15-40 and over 55 are two age groups affected by Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin lymphoma? | Hodgkin RTE page 36
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| Main signs and symptoms for lymphoma may include: | Painless swelling of nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, coughing or breathing problems RTE page 36
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| The Reed-Sternberg cell is characteristic of what type of lymphoma? | Hodgkin RTE page 36
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| The two main types of lymphocytes that develop into lymphomas are: | B cells and T cells RTE page 36
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| What is the most common staging system for lymphomas? | Ann Arbor RTE page 36
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| What is the most common treatment combination for lymphoma? | Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
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| Name the four types of leukemia. | ALL, AML, CLL, CML RTE page 41
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| Which leukemia is formed in the bone marrow cells that form lymphocytes? | ALL
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| Which leukemia is formed in the bone marrow cells that form RBC and platelets? | AML
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| Which leukemia is formed in the lymphocytes and replace normal cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes, weakening the immune response? | CLL RTE 41
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| Which leukemia is formed in the myelocytes? | CML RTE 41
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| _______ leukemias usually show more dramatic remission and survival benefits than _____ leukemias. | Acute/Chronic RTE page 42
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| Leukemia can occur at any age, but is more common in people over ____ years old. | 60 RTE 42
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| What are the most common types of leukemia in adults? | AML and CLL RTE page 42
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| What is the most common type of leukemia in children? | ALL RTE page 42
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| Name three diagnostic tests for leukemia. | Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, and spinal tap RTE 42
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| What is the most effective treatment for leukemia? | Chemotherapy RTE 42
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| ______ bone tumors are not as common as metastatic lesions. | Primary RTE 43
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| What is the most common bone tumor in adults and children? | Osteosarcoma RTE 43
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| Where are osteosarcomas most likely to occur? | Pelvis, arms, and legs RTE 43
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| Where is ewing sarcoma most commonly found? | Diaphysis of long bones RTE 43
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| Chondrosarcoma is composed of _______ elements. | Cartilaginous RTE 43
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| This type of bone tumor develops in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Symptoms are bone pain, bleeding, infections, and renal failure. | Multiple Myeloma RTE 43
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| ______ bone tumors are the most common and frequently occur in the spine and pelvis. | Metastatic RTE 43
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| What is the most common type of cancer? | Skin RTE 43
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| _____ ______ includes all skin cancers except malignant melanomas. | Non-melanoma RTE 43
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| Name the two types of non-melanoma skin cancers. | Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma RTE 44
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| Where is basal cell carcinoma most commonly found? | Head and neck area RTE 44
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| Where does squamous cell most commonly occur? | Sun exposed areas RTE 44
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| Name two treatment options for skin cancer. | Radiation therapy and Moh’s surgery. RTE 44
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| What cells do melanoma originate from? | Melanocytes RTE 44
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| Where is the most common site for metastatic melanoma? | Lung RTE 44
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| Prognosis for melanoma is determined by what staging systems? | Breslow and Clark RTE 44
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| These type of tumors are below the skin surface and appear as raised, red, purple, or brown blotches. | Kaposi Sarcoma RTE 44
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| This type of non-hodgkin lymphoma is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. | Mycosis fungoides. RTE 44
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