Modalities
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| What would you increase to achieve Sensory TENS instead of Motor TENS | Frequency
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| Physiological effect of general heat application | Inc: CO, metabolic rate, pulse, RR, vasodilation
Dec: BP, blood to internal organs, SV
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| Contraindications to superficial thermotherapy | Dec circulation, malignant tumors
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| Indications for Whirlpool or Hubbard tank | decubitus ulcers, open burns and wounds, postsurgical conditions of the hip, subacute and chronic MSK conditions, RA.
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| Contraindications for Whirlpool | bleeding, cardiac instability, bowel incontinence
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| Precaution/Contraindication to Aquatic Therapy | Unprotected (uncovered) open wounds, unstable BP
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| Physiological effects of general cold application | Dec: metabolic rate, pulse, RR, venous blood pressure
Inc: blood flow to internal organs, CO, SV, arterial blood pressure
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| Contraindications to Cryotherapy | Cryoglobulinemia, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, over regenerating peripheral nerves
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| Contraindications to Contrast Baths | Advanced arteriosclerosis, arterial insufficiency
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| When is continuous US used? | chronic conditions, has thermal effects
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| When is pulsed US used? | acute soft tissue injuries. Has non-thermal effects. Low intensity, pulsed US for wound care.
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| What mode for phonophoresis? | Pulsed: 20%
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| Weight (CS) and %BW (LS) required for soft tissue using traction | CS: 12-15lbs, LS: 25% BW
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| What type of current is used during iotophoresis? | continuous direct current
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| Salicylate | pain relief (-)
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| lithium | gout (+)
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| lidocaine | pain relief (+)
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| acetate | calcium deposits (-)
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| copper | fungal infections (+)
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| magnesium or calcium | muscle spasm (+)
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| hydrocortisone | anti-inflammation (+)
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| iodine | soften scars (-)
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| dexamethasone | anti-inflammation (-)
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| zinc | dermal ulcers (+)
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| Settings, uses for Conventional TENS | (high rate) high frequency (75-120 pps), short pulse width (50-100 microseconds), low intensity. Temporary relief of acute or chronic pain.
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| Acupuncture-like TENS | (strong, low rate). Low frequency, wide pulse width, higher intensities than conventional TENS. Chronic conditions.
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| Brief Intense TENS | high pulse rate, long pulse width. Short term pain relief for painful procedures (i.e. wound debridement)
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| Burst mode TENS | combines characteristics of both high and low rate TENS. Used if patient can't tolerate Low rate TENS.
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| High-voltage pulsed monophasic stimulation | indication: denervated muscles, dec pain, dec edema, wound healing
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| Use of FES w/ innervated muscle | Alternating Current
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| Use of FES w/ denervated muscle | Direct current that is interrupted w/ a long pulse width
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| What is duty cycle. How does it change w/ muscle atrophy? | current "on" time vs. "off" time. Ratio should increase as muscle atrophy increases to prevent fatigue. Min atrophy= 1:1, Severe atrophy 1:5
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| Chronaximetry | the minimal amount of time that a current must be on in order to produce a minimal muscle contraction. The lower the # of milliseconds the greater the nerve's excitability.
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| Indication of denervation on Strength-duration curve | a steep, continuous curve displaced to the R
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