Thinking Critically With Psychological Science - AP Psychology, Chapter 1
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| Psychology | The scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes
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| APA ethical guidelines | A code of conduct of experiments established by the American Psychological Association
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| Wilhelm Wundt | Established the first psychology lab and founded structuralism
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| William James | Pioneered functionalism
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| Structuralism | A school of thought focusing on introspection
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| Functionalism | A school of thought focusing on the functions of thoughts/feelings
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| Introspection | Looking inward at your thoughts
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| Hindsight bias | When something seems obvious after it happens
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| Response bias | A range of biases that lead people away from providing accurate, truthful responses
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| Basic research | Builds psychology's knowledge base
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| Applied research | Applies psychology to practical problems
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| Biopsychosocial | Considers biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors
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| Case study | Studying one person in depth
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| Correlational study | Looks at the relationship between two or more variables that aren't under the researchers' control
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| Cross sectional study | Looks at a variable across age groups
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| Longitudinal study | When a group is studied for several years
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| Naturalistic observation | Observing organisms in their natural environment without trying to manipulate the situation
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| Survey/Interview/Questionnaire | Survey - looks at many cases with less depth. Two types: interview (completed in-person) and questionnaire (involves a form to fill out and mail back)
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| Operational definition | Defines research variables
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| Replication | Repeating an experiment
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| Placebo effect | When an individual's symptoms are reduced because of the belief that he or she is getting a treatment
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| Double-blind procedure | Neither the participants nor the researcher knows which group receives treatment
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| Experimenter bias | When the scientist influences the results to portray a certain outcome
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| Confounding variable | A variable (other than the independent) that could influence the dependent
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| Content validity | The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure
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| Descriptive statistics | Statistics used to summarize data
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| Inferential statistics | Statistics used to make conclusions/inferences about an unknown aspect of a population
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| Factor analysis | Identifies factors that seem to define a common ability
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| Empirically derived | Something derived by testing a pool of items, then selecting factors that discriminate between groups
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| Illusory correlation | A perceived relationship that doesn't truly exist
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| Correlation coefficient | Measures the strength of a correlation between variables (r)
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| Normal distribuiton | The expected outcome when a sample is drawn from a large population (will fall in the shape of a bell curve)
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| Standard deviation | The average distance from the mean
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| Variance | How far from the expected value an actual value is
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| Skewed distribution | A set of data is skewed on the side where it's spread out (the tail)
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| Regression toward the mean | Data that is much higher or lower than the mean and will likely be closer if measured a second time
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| Z-score | Measures how many standard deviations away from the mean a certain value is
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| Null hypothesis | States the opposite of the real hypothesis
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| Statistical significance | A measure of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by change
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| Split half reliablility | If a test is split in half, and the scores are consistent, it is more reliable
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| Informed consent | Participants in a study must know they are involved in research and give their permission
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| Debreifing | Participants must be told the purpose/results of a study
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| Biological approach | The applications of biological principles to psychology
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| Evolutionary approach | Explains how psychological traits factor in to natural selection
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| Psychodynamic | Focuses on getting in a person's head, says function is based on hidden thoughts and desires from childhood
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| Behavioral | Aims to interpret psychology via the way we act and understand how we learn/can change observable responses
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| Cognative | Studies the way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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| Humanistic | Focuses on how our current environment affects our good and bad decisions, includes group therapy
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| Social-cultural | Studies our interactions with others and focuses on how behavior varies across situations and cultures
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