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AP Psych Ch. 1 Vocab
Thinking Critically With Psychological Science - AP Psychology, Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes |
| APA ethical guidelines | A code of conduct of experiments established by the American Psychological Association |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Established the first psychology lab and founded structuralism |
| William James | Pioneered functionalism |
| Structuralism | A school of thought focusing on introspection |
| Functionalism | A school of thought focusing on the functions of thoughts/feelings |
| Introspection | Looking inward at your thoughts |
| Hindsight bias | When something seems obvious after it happens |
| Response bias | A range of biases that lead people away from providing accurate, truthful responses |
| Basic research | Builds psychology's knowledge base |
| Applied research | Applies psychology to practical problems |
| Biopsychosocial | Considers biological, psychological, and social/cultural factors |
| Case study | Studying one person in depth |
| Correlational study | Looks at the relationship between two or more variables that aren't under the researchers' control |
| Cross sectional study | Looks at a variable across age groups |
| Longitudinal study | When a group is studied for several years |
| Naturalistic observation | Observing organisms in their natural environment without trying to manipulate the situation |
| Survey/Interview/Questionnaire | Survey - looks at many cases with less depth. Two types: interview (completed in-person) and questionnaire (involves a form to fill out and mail back) |
| Operational definition | Defines research variables |
| Replication | Repeating an experiment |
| Placebo effect | When an individual's symptoms are reduced because of the belief that he or she is getting a treatment |
| Double-blind procedure | Neither the participants nor the researcher knows which group receives treatment |
| Experimenter bias | When the scientist influences the results to portray a certain outcome |
| Confounding variable | A variable (other than the independent) that could influence the dependent |
| Content validity | The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure |
| Descriptive statistics | Statistics used to summarize data |
| Inferential statistics | Statistics used to make conclusions/inferences about an unknown aspect of a population |
| Factor analysis | Identifies factors that seem to define a common ability |
| Empirically derived | Something derived by testing a pool of items, then selecting factors that discriminate between groups |
| Illusory correlation | A perceived relationship that doesn't truly exist |
| Correlation coefficient | Measures the strength of a correlation between variables (r) |
| Normal distribuiton | The expected outcome when a sample is drawn from a large population (will fall in the shape of a bell curve) |
| Standard deviation | The average distance from the mean |
| Variance | How far from the expected value an actual value is |
| Skewed distribution | A set of data is skewed on the side where it's spread out (the tail) |
| Regression toward the mean | Data that is much higher or lower than the mean and will likely be closer if measured a second time |
| Z-score | Measures how many standard deviations away from the mean a certain value is |
| Null hypothesis | States the opposite of the real hypothesis |
| Statistical significance | A measure of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by change |
| Split half reliablility | If a test is split in half, and the scores are consistent, it is more reliable |
| Informed consent | Participants in a study must know they are involved in research and give their permission |
| Debreifing | Participants must be told the purpose/results of a study |
| Biological approach | The applications of biological principles to psychology |
| Evolutionary approach | Explains how psychological traits factor in to natural selection |
| Psychodynamic | Focuses on getting in a person's head, says function is based on hidden thoughts and desires from childhood |
| Behavioral | Aims to interpret psychology via the way we act and understand how we learn/can change observable responses |
| Cognative | Studies the way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
| Humanistic | Focuses on how our current environment affects our good and bad decisions, includes group therapy |
| Social-cultural | Studies our interactions with others and focuses on how behavior varies across situations and cultures |
Created by:
emilyjane1221
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