Population and Community Ecology - AP Environmental Science, Chapter 6
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| Population ecology | The study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease
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| Population size | The number of individuals within a defined area at a given time
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| Population density | The number of individuals per unit of area (or volume) at a given time (clustered or dispersed)
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| Population distribution | A description of how individuals are distributed with respect to each other (random, uniform, or clumped)
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| Sex ratio | The ratio of males to females
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| Age structure | How many individuals fit into particular age categories
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| Density-dependent factors | Factors that influence an individual's probability of survival/reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population
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| Limiting resource | A resource that a population cannot live without that occurs in quantities lower than what is required for the population to increase in size
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| Carrying capacity (K) | The limit of how many individuals in a population the food supply can sustain
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| Density-independent factors | Factors that have the same effect on an individual's probability of survival/reproduction at any population size
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| Growth rate | The number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring in the same time period
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| Intrinsic growth rate | The maximum potential for growth in a population under ideal conditions and with unlimited resources
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| Exponential growth model | A growth model that estimates a population's future size after a period of time, based on the intrinsic growth rate and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population
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| J-shaped curve | The curve of an exponential growth model when graphed
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| Logistic growth model | A growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity
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| S-shaped curve | The shape of the logistic growth model when graphed
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| Overshoot | When a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity
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| Die-off | A rapid decline in population due to health
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| K-selected species | Species with low intrinsic growth rates that cause the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity
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| r-selected species | Species that have high intrinsic growth rates, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs
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| Survivorship curves | Graphs that represent the patterns of species survival as a function of age
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| Corridors | Strips of natural habitat that connect separated populations
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| Metapopulations | Groups of spacially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them
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| Community ecology | The study of interactions between species
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| Competition | The struggle of species to obtain a limiting resource
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| Competitive exclusion principle | Two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist
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| Resource partitioning | A situation in which two species divide a resource based on differences in their behavior or morphology
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| Predation | The use if one species as a resource by another species
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| True predators | Predators that kill their prey and consume it
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| Herbivores | Predators that consume plants as prey
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| Parasites | Predators that live on or in the organism they consume
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| Parasitoids | Organisms that lay eggs inside other organisms
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| Pathogens | Illness-causing bacteria, viruses, or parasites
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| Mutualism | An interaction between species that helps both
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| Commensalism | An interaction between species that helps one and doesn't affect the other
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| Symbiotic relationship | A relationship between two species that live in close association with each other
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| Keystone species | Species that are far more important to their communities than their relative abundance may suggest
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| Predator-mediated competition | Competition in which a predator is instrumental in reducing the abundance of a superior competitor, allowing inferior competitors to exist
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| Ecosystem engineers | Keystone species that create of maintain a habitat for other species
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| Ecological succession | The replacement of one group or species by another over time
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| Primary succession | Ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil - areas are colonized by organisms such as algae, lichens, and moss, which eventually die and mix with eroded rock to help form soil
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| Secondary succession | The succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but haven't lost their soil
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| Pioneer species | A species that can colonize new areas rapidly
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