Musculoskeletal Development and Adaptation
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| A position in which the distal segment of the joint is directed laterally is? | Valgum
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| A position in which the distal segment of the joint is directed medially is? | Varum
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| A twist within the shaft of a long bone, along its longitudinal axis is? | Torsion
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| This occurs when the femoral neck is angled anteriorly to the transcondylar axis of the femur. | Antetorsion
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| A positional change in which either the acetabulum or the head an neck of the femur are directed anteriorly, relative to the frontal plane is called? | Anteversion
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| Embryonic myoblasts arise from ______? | mesodermal cells
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| Embryonic myoblasts differentiate into ________? | myotubes
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| What are myotubes? | immature, multinucleate tubular structures
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| What are the two distinct types of myotubes? | primary, secondary
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| When can primary myotubes be seen? | 5 wks gestation
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| Do primary myotubes develop and differentiate with or without neural influence? | without
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| What type of muscle fibers do primary myotubes become? | mainly Type 1(slow twitch)
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| When can secondary myotubes be seen? | several weeks after primary myotubes
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| Are secondary myotubes dependent on neural input? | yes
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| What happens if there is no neural input for secondary myotubes? | they will be smaller, fewer in number and malformed
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| What type of fibers to secondary myotubes become? | type II muscle fibers(fast twitch)
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| When do myotubes fuse and form muscle fibers? | By 20 weeks GA
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| When are ACH receptors dispersed in the myotubular membrane? | By 8 weeks GA
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| What is a motor unit? | Motoneuron and the muscle fiber it innervates
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| What does the presence of motor activity indicate? | a viable connection of the motor unit
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| Skeletal and Articular Structures Arise from which layer? | mesodermal layer
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| What cells condense to form templates for the skeleton? | Mesenchymal
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| What are the two distinct processes of bone formation? | endochondral and intramembranous ossification.
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| What are the only bones that dont form via endochondral ossification? | skull, clavicle and mandible.
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| What form of ossification is this....Collagenous & elastic fibers are deposited on mesenchymal models to form cartilaginous models. Bone minerals are deposited on these models, gradually replacing cartilage via ossification? | endochondral ossification
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| What form of ossification is this....Occurs directly in the mesenchymal model, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts then deposit a matrix called osteoid tissue, tissue organized into bone as calcium phosphate is deposited.? | intramembranous ossification
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| When does ossification at the primary ossification centers occur? | at the end of embryonic period(8 wks ga)
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| What are primary ossification centers? | diaphysis(body) of bone
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| By birth, are diaphysis ossified? | almost
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| What are the ends of bones called? | epiphysis
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| The epiphysis remain _______. | cartilaginous
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| When does ossification begin in the epiphyses of bone? | during early childhood
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| Where does long bone grow in length? | at the epiphyseal plate
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| Where does bone proliferation occur? | at the diaphyseal side of the bone
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| When are most bones fully ossified? | by age 20
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| When are basic structures of the joint formed? | by 6-8 wks GA
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| What influences the shape of joints? | forces of mvmt and compression
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| Growth and shape of the skeleton are affected by? | genetic coding, nutrition, and mechanical forces over time.
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| Can mechanical forces such as muscle pull and weight bearing cause skeletal adaptations? | yes
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| Once the cartilaginous template is formed does the basic shape of the skeletal system change? | no
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| What can cause natural and atypical angular changes, and what happens if these forces are too great or too small? | compression, tension and shear forces at epiphyseal plate\the rate of growth is diminished
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| Growth is stimulated by areas of _______ and diminished in areas of _________. | tension,compression
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| What leads to torsional twisting of bone? | shear forces
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| At birth there how many degrees of medial torsion of the tibia? | 5
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| In adulthood there is how many degrees of lateral torsion of the tibia? | 18-47
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| At birth, an infants knees are _____? | bow legged(genu varum)
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| What age is neutral knee alignment reached? | 1-2 years
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| When does genu valgum reacjhits peak? | 2-4 years of age
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| Females typically have slight ________(valgum or verum). | valgum
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| Males typically have slight ________(valgum or verum). | verum
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Created by:
txst spr 2009
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