Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Neuroanatomy II
Musculoskeletal Development and Adaptation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A position in which the distal segment of the joint is directed laterally is? | Valgum |
| A position in which the distal segment of the joint is directed medially is? | Varum |
| A twist within the shaft of a long bone, along its longitudinal axis is? | Torsion |
| This occurs when the femoral neck is angled anteriorly to the transcondylar axis of the femur. | Antetorsion |
| A positional change in which either the acetabulum or the head an neck of the femur are directed anteriorly, relative to the frontal plane is called? | Anteversion |
| Embryonic myoblasts arise from ______? | mesodermal cells |
| Embryonic myoblasts differentiate into ________? | myotubes |
| What are myotubes? | immature, multinucleate tubular structures |
| What are the two distinct types of myotubes? | primary, secondary |
| When can primary myotubes be seen? | 5 wks gestation |
| Do primary myotubes develop and differentiate with or without neural influence? | without |
| What type of muscle fibers do primary myotubes become? | mainly Type 1(slow twitch) |
| When can secondary myotubes be seen? | several weeks after primary myotubes |
| Are secondary myotubes dependent on neural input? | yes |
| What happens if there is no neural input for secondary myotubes? | they will be smaller, fewer in number and malformed |
| What type of fibers to secondary myotubes become? | type II muscle fibers(fast twitch) |
| When do myotubes fuse and form muscle fibers? | By 20 weeks GA |
| When are ACH receptors dispersed in the myotubular membrane? | By 8 weeks GA |
| What is a motor unit? | Motoneuron and the muscle fiber it innervates |
| What does the presence of motor activity indicate? | a viable connection of the motor unit |
| Skeletal and Articular Structures Arise from which layer? | mesodermal layer |
| What cells condense to form templates for the skeleton? | Mesenchymal |
| What are the two distinct processes of bone formation? | endochondral and intramembranous ossification. |
| What are the only bones that dont form via endochondral ossification? | skull, clavicle and mandible. |
| What form of ossification is this....Collagenous & elastic fibers are deposited on mesenchymal models to form cartilaginous models. Bone minerals are deposited on these models, gradually replacing cartilage via ossification? | endochondral ossification |
| What form of ossification is this....Occurs directly in the mesenchymal model, mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts then deposit a matrix called osteoid tissue, tissue organized into bone as calcium phosphate is deposited.? | intramembranous ossification |
| When does ossification at the primary ossification centers occur? | at the end of embryonic period(8 wks ga) |
| What are primary ossification centers? | diaphysis(body) of bone |
| By birth, are diaphysis ossified? | almost |
| What are the ends of bones called? | epiphysis |
| The epiphysis remain _______. | cartilaginous |
| When does ossification begin in the epiphyses of bone? | during early childhood |
| Where does long bone grow in length? | at the epiphyseal plate |
| Where does bone proliferation occur? | at the diaphyseal side of the bone |
| When are most bones fully ossified? | by age 20 |
| When are basic structures of the joint formed? | by 6-8 wks GA |
| What influences the shape of joints? | forces of mvmt and compression |
| Growth and shape of the skeleton are affected by? | genetic coding, nutrition, and mechanical forces over time. |
| Can mechanical forces such as muscle pull and weight bearing cause skeletal adaptations? | yes |
| Once the cartilaginous template is formed does the basic shape of the skeletal system change? | no |
| What can cause natural and atypical angular changes, and what happens if these forces are too great or too small? | compression, tension and shear forces at epiphyseal plate\the rate of growth is diminished |
| Growth is stimulated by areas of _______ and diminished in areas of _________. | tension,compression |
| What leads to torsional twisting of bone? | shear forces |
| At birth there how many degrees of medial torsion of the tibia? | 5 |
| In adulthood there is how many degrees of lateral torsion of the tibia? | 18-47 |
| At birth, an infants knees are _____? | bow legged(genu varum) |
| What age is neutral knee alignment reached? | 1-2 years |
| When does genu valgum reacjhits peak? | 2-4 years of age |
| Females typically have slight ________(valgum or verum). | valgum |
| Males typically have slight ________(valgum or verum). | verum |
Created by:
txst spr 2009
Popular Physical Therapy sets