Principles of Evolution
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| evolution | the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors
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| species | a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring
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| fossil | traces of organisms that existed in the past
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| catastrophism | this theory states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions have happened often during Earth's long history
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| gradualism | slow changes over a long period of time
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| uniformitarianism | this theory states that the geologic processes that shape Earth are uniform through time
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| variation | the difference in a physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs
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| adaptation | a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment
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| artificial selection | the process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits
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| heritability | the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
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| natural selection | a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptation produce more offspring on average than do other individuals
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| population | all the individuals of a species that live in an area
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| fitness | a measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment
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| biogeography | the study of the distribution of organisms around the world
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| homologous structure | features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions
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| analogous structure | structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in origin
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| vestigial structure | are remnants or organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor
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| paleontology | the study of fossils or extinct organisms
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