Drugs for Heart Failure
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| afterload | the degree of pressure in the aorta that must be overcome for blood to be ejected from the left ventricle
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| cardiac glycosides | drug class that include digitalis
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| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 minute
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| cardiac remodeling | change in the size, shape, and structure of the myocardial cells (myocytes) that occurs over time in heart failure
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| contractility | the strength with which the myocardial fibers contract
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| digitalization | procedure in which the dose of cardiac glycoside is gradually increased until tissues become saturated with the drug, and the symptoms of heart failure diminish
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| Frank-Starling law | the greater the degree of stretch on the myocardial fibers, the greater will be the force by which they contract
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| heart failure (HF) | disease in which the heart muscle cannot contract with sufficient force to meet the body's metabolic needs
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| inotropic effect | change in the strength or contractility of the heart
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| peripheral edema | swelling of extremities
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| phosphodiesterase | enzyme in muscle cells that cleaves phosphodiester bonds; its inhibition increases myocardial contractility
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| preload | degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract
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| adrenergic blockers | decrease cardiac workload by slowing the heart rate and decreasing blood pressure
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| vasodilators | decrease cardiac workload by dilating vessels and reducing preload
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| phosphodiesterase inhibitors | increase cardiac output by increasing the force of myocardial contraction
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| ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers | increase cardiac output by lowering blood pressure and decreasing blood volume
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| cardiac glycosides | increase cardiac output by increasing the force of myocardial contraction
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| diuretics | increase cardiac output by reducing fluid volume and decreasing blood pressure
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