Drugs for Fluid Balance, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders Key Terms
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| acidosis | occurs when the pH of the plasma falls below 7.35
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| alkalosis | develops when the plasma pH rises above 7.45
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| anions | negatively charged electrolytes
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| buffers | chemicals that help maintain normal body pH by neutralizing strong acids and bases
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| cations | positively charged electrolytes
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| colloids | proteins, starches, or other large molecules that remain in the blood for a long time because they are too large to easily cross the capillary membranes
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| crystalloids | IV solutions that contain electrolytes and other substances that closely mimic the body's ECF
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| electrolytes | ions that have positive and negative charges and are able to conduct electricity
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| extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment | one-third of body fluid resides outside cells here; divided into two parts: fluid in the plasma, or intravascular space, and fluid in the interstitial spaces between cells
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| hyperkalemia | serum potassium level greater than 5 mEq/L; may be caused by high consumption of potassium rich foods or dietary supplements, particularly when patients are taking potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone
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| hypernatremia | sodium excess; occurs when serum sodium level rises above 145 mEq/L
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| hypokalemia | when serum potassium level falls below 3.5 mEq/L
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| hyponatremia | sodium deficiency; serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment | contains water that is inside cells; accounts for 2/3 of total body water
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| osmolality | measure of number of dissolved particles, or solutes, in 1 kg (1L) of water
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| osmosis | water moves from areas of low solute concentration (low osmolality) to areas of high solute concentration (high osmolality)
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| pH | how the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured
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| tonicity | the ability of a solution to cause a change in water movement across a membrane due to osmotic forces
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