States of Consciousness
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| consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment
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| biological rhythms | periodic physiological fluctuations
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| circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
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| REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivd dreams commonly occur; also know as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
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| alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
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| sleep | periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesis, or hibernation (adapted from Dement, 1999)
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| hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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| delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
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| insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
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| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
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| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings
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| night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
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| dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and difficulties remembering it
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| manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of of a dream (as distinct from its latent content
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| latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content); Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve
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| REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings REM sleep)
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| posthypnotic amnesia | supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion
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| posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, top be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
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| dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
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| hidden observer | Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
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| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
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| tolerance | the diminish effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
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| withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
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| physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
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| psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
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| depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
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| stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
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| hallucinogens | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images int eh absence of sensory input
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| barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducting anxiety but impairing memory and judgment
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| opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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| amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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| ecstasy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producting neurons and to moood and cognition
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| LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also know as acid (lysergic adid dietylamide)
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| THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
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| near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
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| dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
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| monism | the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing
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