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Ch.7
States of Consciousness
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| biological rhythms | periodic physiological fluctuations |
| circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivd dreams commonly occur; also know as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
| alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
| sleep | periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesis, or hibernation (adapted from Dement, 1999) |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
| sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings |
| night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
| dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and difficulties remembering it |
| manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of of a dream (as distinct from its latent content |
| latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content); Freud believed that a dream's latent content functions as a safety valve |
| REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings REM sleep) |
| posthypnotic amnesia | supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist's suggestion |
| posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, top be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
| dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
| hidden observer | Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis |
| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
| tolerance | the diminish effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
| withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
| physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
| psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
| depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| hallucinogens | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images int eh absence of sensory input |
| barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducting anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
| opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
| amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
| ecstasy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producting neurons and to moood and cognition |
| LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also know as acid (lysergic adid dietylamide) |
| THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
| near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
| dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact |
| monism | the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing |
Created by:
erikamueller
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