Pharmacology
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| what are the routes of medication administration? | A-Aural,
B-Buccal,
O-Optic,
R-Rectal,
T-Topical,
I- Intramuscular,
O-Oral,
N-Nasogastric,
I-Intravenous,
S-Subcutaneous,
T-Transdermal,
N-Nasal,
R-Respiratory
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| What is a drug? | Any substance taken by mouth; Injected into a muscle, the skin, a blood vessel or cavity of the body; or applied topically to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
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| Define HALF LIFE ? | THE TIME TAKEN FOR THE CONCENTRATION OF THE DRUG IN PLASMA TO DROP TO 50% OF ITS INITIAL LEVEL
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| Define DISINTERGRATION ? | BREAK UP OF A TABLET INTO SMALL FRAGMENTS (STARCH IS USEFUL HERE)
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| Define DISSOLUTION? | THE DISPERSAL OF A DRUG AS SOLOUTE PARTICALS IN THE BODY FLUID WITH WHICH IT IS IN CONTACT. PARTICAL SIZE IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THIS
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| Define BIOAVAILABILITY? | THE EXTENT TO WHICH A DRUG CAN BE ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD
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| What are the 7 rights to drug administration | Right drug
Right dose
Right client
Right route of administration
Right time
Right documentation
Right to refuse
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| What are the three types of drug names? | Trade
Generic
Chemical
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| what are three drug Classification types | Therapeutic:
Mode of Action:
Molecular Structure:
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| what are the grouping of drugs by function | Antipyretic
Analgesia – NSAIDs, Paracetamol, Aspirin, Opioids
Anticonvulsant
Antiemetic
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| DEFINE PHARMACOKINETICS? | THE MOVEMENT OF DRUGS INSIDE THE BODY.
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| what are the 4 STAGES OF PHARMACOKINETICS? | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
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| DEFINE ABSORPTION ? | THE MOVEMENT OF A DRUG FROM ITS SITE OF ADMINISTRATION INTO THE BLOOD STREAM
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| DEFINE DISTRIBUTION? | THE TRANSFER OF A DRUG FROM THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (BLOOD) TO THE SITE OF ACTION
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| Weak acid in acidic environment is ? | lipophilic, well absorbed
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| Weak acid in alkaline environment is ? | lipophobic, poorly absorbed
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| Weak Base in acidic environment s ? | lipophobic,poorly absorbed
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| Weak Base in alkaline environment is ? | lipophilic, well absorbed
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| Define Volume of Distribution? | A measure of extent of penetration of a drug into various fluid and tissue compartments
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| Define Metabolism? | Purpose is to alter the chemical properties of a drug to make them less lipophilic and more readily excreted
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| what is phase 1 of metabolism ? | Phase 1, enzymes modify the drug through the process of
- Oxidation
- Hydrolysis
- Reduction
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| what is phase 2 of metabolism ? | Phase 2, a drug or phase 1 metabolite is conjugated (joined) with a polar molecule to render the product soluble for excretion.
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| The principal site of drug and metabolite excretion is? | Kidneys and the GI tract.
Other routes of excretion are saliva, sweat, tears and breath.
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| Define Pharmacodynamics? | The mechanism whereby drugs exert their effect on the body
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| The most common environmental interaction outside the body is? | Storage
- Shelf Life
- Expiry date
- Appropriate storage (light, oxygen & moisture)
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| Define Agonist ? | - A drug that stimulates a receptor (mimics the action of the body’s own endogenous chemical).
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| Define Antagonist? | - a drug blocks a receptor and prevents the endogenous (having an internal cause or origin) chemical acting on the receptor.
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| define Partial Agonist ? | - Are drugs with a lower affinity.
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| define Inverse Agonist ? | Are drugs that instead of actually blocking a receptor stimulate the receptor in such a way that the opposite effect to the normal agonist effect is seen.
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| define Competitive inhibitor ? | Where an enzyme meets a look-alike substrate, they interact at the enzymic binding site, but, because the enzyme cannot do anything with the look-alike, it is discarded unchanged..
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| define Non Competitive inhibitor ? | - In non-competitive inhibition the inhibitor binds to a part of the enzymes structure that is distinct and often remote from the binding site. This causes a conformational change in the tertiary structure of the enzyme, rendering it inactive.
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| define Hypertonic? | - Solution that is relatively higher solute concentration
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| define Hypotonic? | - Solution that is relatively lower solute concentration
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| define Isotonic ? | - Solution that is the same concentration
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| define Affinity ? | - Affinity is defined as the extent of binding of a drug to a receptor
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| define Efficacy ? | - Efficacy is the ability of a drug to produce an effect at a receptor
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| define Specificity ? | - Specificity relates to a degree of selectivity – one drug tends to interact with one subtype of receptors rather than another.
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| define Potency ? | - Potency is the relative amount of drug that has to be present to produce a desired effect
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| what is the First Messanger ? | - The interaction between a drug and receptor
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| what is the Second Messenger ? | - Molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cells surface
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| provide the concept of an allergic drug reaction ? | Immune system attacks the allergen using protective antibodies called immunoglobulin.
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| what are the 4 different types of drug reactions? | - Type 1 – Anaphylaxis
- Type 2 – Cytotoxic
- Type 3 - Serum sickness
- Type 4 – Delayed
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| Pharmacokinetics are altered by age by ? | - The very young and the very old have poor peripheral perfusion and decreased skeletal muscle mass
- Infants have erratic gastric acid secretions
- Infants and older people have lower plasma protein levels.
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| What are the3 methods for calculating doses for children ? | - Age: Young’s rule.
- Body weight: Clarkes body weight rule.
- Body surface area: Clarkes surface area rule.
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| Define Excretion | - Drug is eliminated either in its original form (unbound molecule) or modified (metabolism) as metabolite.
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| what are the 4 main principals associated with management of poisoning ?. | - Life support
- Clinical assessment
- Decontamination and detoxification
- Neutralisation and elimination of the poison
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| what are the types of medicines used in treating poisoning ? | - Adsorbents:
- Iso-Osmatic Laxatives
- Emetics:
- Venom:
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| What are the 4 principals of acute clinical overdose management | - Life support
- Assessment of the affected person
- Decontamination & Detoxification
- Neutralisation and elimination
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| What medications are use to treat alcohol addiction ? | - Disulfiram
- Acamprosate
- Naltrexone
- Thiroridazine
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| what medications are used to treat Nicotine addiction | - Bupropion
- Varenicline
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