Neuroscience - Bellanca
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| Neuroscience | branch of psychology about how biology & behavior connect.
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| Nervous system | The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system
(consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems)
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| Neuron | A nerve cell; the basic building block of NS
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| Dendrites | receive messages from other neurons
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| Soma | aka cell body; life support center
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| Axon | carries messages away from cell body to terminals
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| Glial cells | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.
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| Myelin | fatty tissue that covers axon of some neurons to help speed up neural impulses.
signals can jump from gap to gap which is faster than going down the whole axon.
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| Nerves | Neural "cables" containing many axons
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| Resting potential | a chill neuron; it is able to send a message but is waiting for another neuron to send it a message
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| Action potential | neural impulse; sending a message
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| All-or-none response | Once threshold (-55mV) is reached, the neuron MUST fire; no -55 mV = no fire
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| Axon terminals (buttons) | form junctions with other cells
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| Synapse (synaptic gap) | Terminals of one neuron almost touch the dendrites of another, but don't actually touch
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| Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that traverse synaptic gaps between neurons; fit like a lock and key with receptor sites
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| Receptor sites | on the dendrites of the receiving neuron
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| Excitatory effects | tell the neuron to FIRE!
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| Inhibitory effects | tell the neuron to STOP
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| Agonists | Drugs or other substances that MIMIC neurotransmitters, so it's like the original NT is in the receptor site; the response will be whatever the NT would normally do.
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| Antagonists | Drugs or other substances that BLOCK neurotransmitters, so the actual NT cannot fit in that receptor site; the response will be NOT what the NT would normally do.
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| Reuptake | re-absorption of NTs back into terminals
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| Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and spinal cord.
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| Spinal cord | long, tubular bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the brain through the spinal column
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| Afferent (sensory) neurons | Feeling, sensory neurons; go from your senses to spinal cord, to brain, telling your brain what's going on in the world
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| Efferent (motor) neurons | Effect, motor neurons; go from your brain, to spinal cord, to muscles, telling them to move
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| Interneuron | only found in brain and spinal cord, the middle man between afferent and efferent
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| Reflex | involves only the spinal cord; says MOVE! before your brain registers trouble; A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
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| Neuroplasticity | brain’s ability to adapt to change across the lifespan and to rewire itself after damage
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
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| Somatic nervous system | Soma = body; division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
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| Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | division of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs
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| Sympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.
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| Lesion | brain tissue destruction
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | recording of the electrical activity of brain waves
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| Computed tomography (CT) | aka CAT scan; x-ray that shows structure of brain
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images that show structure of brain
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) | visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given tasy
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| Gazzaniga & Sperry | studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions
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| Medulla | controls breathing & heartbeat
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| Pons | helps in coordinating movement as it is the connect between the cerebellum and the cortex
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| Reticular Formation | controls arousal (alertness) and attention
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| Cerebellum | coordinates voluntary movement and balance
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| Limbic System | emotional control center (happiness, sadness, love, anger) contains the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
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| Thalamus | relays messages between lower brain (like brainstem) and cerebral cortex; sensory switchboard
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| Hypothalamus | directs maintenance activities (like eating, drinking, body temperature, sleep); helps control endocrine system via pituitary gland
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| Hippocampus | helps process new memories (like learning new psychology!)
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| Amygdala | emotions like fear & anger
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| Cerebral Cortex | ultimate control & info processing center (is split into the different lobes)
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| Cerebral hemispheres | 2 hemispheres - left & right
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| Corpus callosum | Connects the hemispheres
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| Occipital Lobes | Contains the visual cortex; vision
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| Parietal Lobes | Contains the somatosensory cortex; deals with bodily sensations & positioning
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| Somatosensory cortex | body sensations
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| Temporal lobes | contains auditory cortex & Wernicke's area; mostly deals with hearing
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| frontal lobes | contains motor cortex & prefrontal cortex (personality, planning, decision making) and Broca's area; number sense, creativity, planning, logic
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| motor cortex | deals with moving body parts
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| association areas | the parts of the cerebral cortex that are unassigned to a particular task; humans have very large association areas
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| Broca's aphasia | Broken speech; person knows answer, but can't physically move their mouth to say it
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| Wernicke's aphasia | Wacky speech; person can't comprehend what is being said, so they answer in nonsense words and phrases
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| Endocrine System | chemical system; moves more slowly than electrical systems; gets hormones to the body; controlled by pituitary gland
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| Hormones | chemical messengers
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| Pituitary gland | controls endocrine system; tells other glands when to produce hormones
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| Pineal gland | highly active in early childhood and functions to control development of sexual traits
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| Thyroid gland | located in the neck and secretes the hormones that control metabolism and growth.
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| Pancreas | located across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The pancreas plays a role in digestion, as well as hormone production.
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| Gonads | The sex organs in a male or female animal which make the cells needed to produce babies.
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| Ovaries | The pair of organs in a woman's body which produce eggs. Also the part of any female animal or plant that produces eggs or seeds
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| Testes | A pair of male reproductive glands that produce sperm, contained in the scrotum
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| Adrenal glands | The pair of adrenal glands are located on top of both kidneys. Adrenal glands work hand-in-hand with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland; produce adrenaline
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| Chromosomes | The threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. A human cell has twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, one member of each pair coming from each parent.
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| DNA | (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
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| Genes | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; they are segments of the DNA molecules capable of synthesizing a protein.
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