6101
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| What is Immunology | A branch of biomedical science that covers all aspects of the immune system in all organisms
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| What does immunology deals with? | 1. The Physiological functioning of the immune system in both health & disease 2. Malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorder
3. The Physical, chemical & physiological charact. of the components of the immune system in Vitro, Situ, & vivo
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| What is immunity? | The body's defense system against infectious disease. the immune system protects the body by recognizing and responding to antigens
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| What are antigens? | substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi or bacteria, non living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs can also be antigens
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| What are the name of the proteins in our body's cells that are antigens? and how do our immune system react to them? | Human Leukocyte antigens (HLA) our immune system learns to see these antigens as normal and not react to them
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| What are some abnormal/unwanted functions of the immune system? | 1. Low activity: Failure to respond & prevent infections/tumors
2. Over activity: body attacks & damages its own tissue 3. Tissue & organ rejection following transplantation 4.Disruption of healthy tissue during & following response to an infection/tumor
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| What are types of immunity? | Innate immunity (Natural/nonspecific) .......................... Adaptive immunity (acquired/specific)
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| What are the characteristics of innate immunity | 1. Present from birth
2. Operates against any substance
3. causes inflammation at the site of action
4. Non enhanced by prior exposure (respond to 2nd same as 1st response)
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| What are the characteristics of the adaptive immunity | 1. Develops after an exposure
2. Defense Mechanism tailored to individual pathogens
3. Adds to ongoing innate immune response
4. Enhanced by prior exposure ( 2nd is better than 1st response)
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| How long does it take for an innate immunity respond compare to adaptive immunity response? and what type of organs exist in each one | Innate: Hours up to 12 .. it has Epithelial barriers, phagocytes, NK cells .... Adaptive: Days up to 5 .. it has B lymphocytes, Antibodies, T lymphocytes, and effector T cells.
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| Effectors/barriers of the innate immunity | 1. Mechanical- skin, mucus
2. Biochemical - Enzymes, pH, Free radicals, complement system
3. Cellular-monocytes, Macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (APCs)
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| Adaptive immunity ... Humoral immunity --> effectors: Ab .. B lymphocytes --> differentiate into plasma cells ---> Ab .. B lymphocytes --> memory B cells | Cell-Mediated immunity --> effector: T Lymphocytes .. APC/T Lymphocytes --> TH1 --> Activates Macrophages, NK, Tc cells .. APC/T lymphocytes --> T2 --> B cells
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| Where do cells of the immune system arise from and When do each arise? | They arise from progenitor cells in the: 1. Yolk sac and fetal liver spleen (Before birth) 2. Bone Marrow (After birth)
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| Where are immune cells present? | Circulating in blood and lymph, lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes), and scattered in all tissues of the body
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| What is Hematopoiesis? | The process by which the formed elements of blood are produced
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| What are the cells of the immune system? | Phagocytic cells, Dendritic cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes
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| What are the 2 types of phagocytic cells and what is the phagocytic cells function | 1. Monoclear phagocytes (I.) 2. Polymorphonuclear phagocytes(II.) ... They ingest antigens and enzymatically degrade them within their lysosomal compartment
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| What are the characteristics of the monoclear phagocytes? | 1.Arise from progenitor cells in bone marrow 2.Possess receptors fo the Fc portion of lgG molecules 3.Posses receptors for components of complement 4.Progress thru several identifiable stages development: Monoblasts, promonocytes, monocytes, macrophages
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| What are monocytes? | 10% of peripheral blood monoclear cells; leave the blood and accumulate at inflammatory sites; respond to chemotactic stimuli ; generally do not reenter the circulation
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| What are tissue macrophages? | Found in all tissues; phagocytic function; known by various names (microglia , osteoblasts, kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages)
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| What is the role of phagocytic cells in immune respose? | 1. Initiation: Antigen processing and presentation
2. Regulation: Enhancement/suppression
3. Effector function: Cytokine production; cytotoxicity
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| Where would you find macrophages? | - Lymph node - spleen - bone marrow - Perivascular connective tissue - serous cavity (peritoneum, pleura), skin connective tissue, lung(aveolar macrophages) - Live(kupffer cells) Bone(osteoblasts) - CNS (Microglia cells) - Synovium(Type A lining cells)
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| Polymorphonuclear phagocytes/leulocytes include: | 1. Neutrophils(PMNs)
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
4. Mast cells (basophil-like)
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| What are Neutrophils (PMNs) cells? | at acute inflammatory reactions, responsible for initial host defense against invading microorganisms
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| What are Eosinophils? | respond to parasites, and in allergic reactions
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| What are basophils cells? | Found in the blood, release histamine into the blood stream
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| What are mast cells? | Found in connective tissue and mucosal tissue
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| What are dendritic cells? | Accessory cells that participate in many immune responses
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| There are 2 types of dendritic cells | 1. Interdigitating dendritic cells (AKA dendritic cells)
2. Follicular dendritic cells
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| What are the characteristics of interdigitating dendritic cells (aka dendritic cells) | 1.present in interstitium of most cells
2.abundant in T cell-rich areas of the lymph nodes & spleen
3.scattered throughout the epidermis (Langharns cells)
4.Arise from bone marrow
5.efficient antigen presenting cells (APC) --> stimulate naive T cells
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| What are the characteristics of Follicular dendritic cells | 1. Not derived from bone marrow
2. present on germinal center of lymphoid follicles
3. Act as APC --> selection and activation of B cells
4. Trap antigens that are complexed to antibodies or complement
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| What are the 3 type of cells included in the peripheral blood lymphocytes? | 1. B lymphocytes: bone marrow derived cells capable of producing antibodies (plasma cells)
2. T lymphocytes: produced in the bone marrow, mature in thymus. express T cell receptor are transmembrane proteins
3. Natural killer (NK) cells ---->
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| Natural killer (NK) cells characteristics 5. Release granzyme and perforin --> apoptosis of target cell 6. Mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity | 1. Morphologically similar to lymphocytes but lack markers of T or B cells 2. Can lyse a wide variety of target without prior sensitization 3. represent 5-15% circulating lymphocytes
4. part of the innate immune system(nonspecific)
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| Starting with neutrophils as most abundant white blood cells work your way down to the least abundent | Neutrophils --> lymphocytes --> monocytes --> Eosinophils (many granules) --> basophils (many granules)
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| How does the monocytes enter the tissues? | Through a process called extravasation and then get transformed to macrophages
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| What changes occur during the transition from monocytes to macrophages? | 1. Cell enlarge 5-10X
2. Intracellular organelles increase in number and complexity
3. Cells acquire Increased phagocytic activity
4. Increase secretion of many soluble factors
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| What is the role of macrophage? | 1. Phagocytosis and presenting of antigens to lymphocytes
2. Antimicrobial and anti-tumor
3. Secretion of soluble factors such as cytokines
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| What are macrophages activated by? | The earlies activating agent is chemokines .. Also, phagocytosis it self
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| infected macrophages are phagocytosed by ______ , which "cross-present" antigens to _____ | dendritic cells, T cells
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| Characteristics of the neutrophils | *They are 50-70% of white blood cells
*main function is phagocytosis and killing ingested microorganisms
*Do not function and APCs
* 1st cells to arrive at site of infection/injury
*has primary and secondary granules
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| primary granules | are electron dense and contain bactericidal enzymes
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| secondary granules | Are smaller than primary and not electron condense.
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| characterisitcs of Eosinophils *When eosinophils bind to IgE on the surface of the worm, the cell is triggered to degranulate, releasing hydrolytic enzymes damaging the worm tegument | *1-3% of circulating WBC
*kinda phagocytic but don't act as APCs
*Major role is against parasites
*Kill by ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) by binding to parasites specifically IgE
*stain red/orange
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| Major basic proteins (MBPs) | unique to eosinophils and highly toxic to worms .. also causes the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, and activate neutrophils and alveolar macrophages.
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| characteristics of basophils * upon re-exposure to the allergen, the allergen binds to IgE on the surface of the basophils resulting in degranulation during the effector phase | *stain blue in basic dye *<1% of WBC
*play a major role in allergic reaction when they release their granules (histamine, serotonin, heparin..)
*bear Fc receptor for IgE
*IgEs bind to surface of basophils during sensitization phase
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| Mast cells characteristics *Produce a variety of cytokines *TNF is produced and stored within the cytoplasm | *Released from the bone marrow as undeffrentiated & stay like that till they enter the tissue *morphology & function similar to basophils, but clearly different lineage *bear Fc for IgE & contains many granules which also play a role in allergic response
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| characteristics of Dendritic cells *activates T cells and initiate immune respoonser *Liaison between the innate and adaptive immune systems | *Originate from the bone marrow
*Found in structural compartment of lymphoid organs
*Found in blood stream
*Antigen Presenting cell (APC) Most potent and effective in the body
*capture antigens and bring it to the lymphoid organ
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| What are the 2 types of lymphocytes and give their characteristics **lymphoblast further differentiate to effector cells or memoory cells(B &T cells, plasma cells, T helper Cells, t cytotoxic cells) | T and B lymphocytes. They are Motile & nonphagocytic cells which cannot be distinguished from each other morphologically.
*Can extravasate & enter the tissues
*Memory cels are long lived cells that reside in the G0 phase
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| Function of T lymphocytes | Basically respond to antigens
**(CD4+) secrete lymphokines which act on other cells involved in immune response
**(CD8+) able to cause lysis of infected cells
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| Function of B lymphocytes | produce antibodies in response to foreign proteins of bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells
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| What are antibodies | specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to one particular protein. it's often a signal to other cells to engulf or kill the substance from the body
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| what gives te antibody its specificity for binding antigens? | The variable region, containing 110-130 amino acids it includes the ends of light and heavy chains.
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| the constant region | determines the mechanism used to destroy the antigen
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| What are the 5 major classes of antibodies? | IgG,IgM,IgA,IgE,and IgD
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| Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) differentiate into 2 things | 1. LPC (Lymphoied progenitor cells)
2. MSC (Myeloid stem cells)
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| growth factor and ____ determine path | cytokines
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| What are stromal cells? | are supporting cells in BM and are major source of hematopoietic cytokines
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| There are 4 types colony stimulating factors, what are they? | 1. Multi CSF (IL-3)
2. M-CSF (macrophage CSF)
3. G-CSF (Granulocyte CSF)
4. GM-CSF (Granulocyte monocyte CSF)
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| What does EPO (Erythropoietin) do? | induces production of RBC
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| what are the primary lymphoid organs of the immune system? | lymphocytes arise & mature in an antigen-dependent manner. it has : Bone Marrow: located in the middle of our bone.It generates precursor lymphoid cells for export to lymphoid tissue.Thymus: located infront of the upper chest, acts as nursery for developm
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| What are lymph nodes and what do they do? | Oval structure located throughout the body; consist of outer cortex containing lymphoid follicles (B cell zone) T cells are located in inter-follicular areas. functions to filter lymph fluids, act as site for cellular interaction, contains accessory cells
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| What is spleen functions in ? | has immune and non immune functions. It is site of hematopoiesis and site of cell-cell interactions for immune response. remove old or damaged platelets and RBC, and major site of phagocytosis of Ab-coated microbes
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| What is skin functions in ? | active participant in host defense; has the capacity to generate and support local immune and inflammatory reactions against foreign antigens that enter the body via skin
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| What are some cells included in the skin? | Keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal langerhans cells, and interepithelial T cells
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| How does langharns cells capture antigens? | by forming a continuous epidermal meshwork after they capture them they migrate to draining lymph nodes where they act as APC
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