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Immunology
6101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Immunology | A branch of biomedical science that covers all aspects of the immune system in all organisms |
| What does immunology deals with? | 1. The Physiological functioning of the immune system in both health & disease 2. Malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorder 3. The Physical, chemical & physiological charact. of the components of the immune system in Vitro, Situ, & vivo |
| What is immunity? | The body's defense system against infectious disease. the immune system protects the body by recognizing and responding to antigens |
| What are antigens? | substances (usually proteins) on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi or bacteria, non living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs can also be antigens |
| What are the name of the proteins in our body's cells that are antigens? and how do our immune system react to them? | Human Leukocyte antigens (HLA) our immune system learns to see these antigens as normal and not react to them |
| What are some abnormal/unwanted functions of the immune system? | 1. Low activity: Failure to respond & prevent infections/tumors 2. Over activity: body attacks & damages its own tissue 3. Tissue & organ rejection following transplantation 4.Disruption of healthy tissue during & following response to an infection/tumor |
| What are types of immunity? | Innate immunity (Natural/nonspecific) .......................... Adaptive immunity (acquired/specific) |
| What are the characteristics of innate immunity | 1. Present from birth 2. Operates against any substance 3. causes inflammation at the site of action 4. Non enhanced by prior exposure (respond to 2nd same as 1st response) |
| What are the characteristics of the adaptive immunity | 1. Develops after an exposure 2. Defense Mechanism tailored to individual pathogens 3. Adds to ongoing innate immune response 4. Enhanced by prior exposure ( 2nd is better than 1st response) |
| How long does it take for an innate immunity respond compare to adaptive immunity response? and what type of organs exist in each one | Innate: Hours up to 12 .. it has Epithelial barriers, phagocytes, NK cells .... Adaptive: Days up to 5 .. it has B lymphocytes, Antibodies, T lymphocytes, and effector T cells. |
| Effectors/barriers of the innate immunity | 1. Mechanical- skin, mucus 2. Biochemical - Enzymes, pH, Free radicals, complement system 3. Cellular-monocytes, Macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (APCs) |
| Adaptive immunity ... Humoral immunity --> effectors: Ab .. B lymphocytes --> differentiate into plasma cells ---> Ab .. B lymphocytes --> memory B cells | Cell-Mediated immunity --> effector: T Lymphocytes .. APC/T Lymphocytes --> TH1 --> Activates Macrophages, NK, Tc cells .. APC/T lymphocytes --> T2 --> B cells |
| Where do cells of the immune system arise from and When do each arise? | They arise from progenitor cells in the: 1. Yolk sac and fetal liver spleen (Before birth) 2. Bone Marrow (After birth) |
| Where are immune cells present? | Circulating in blood and lymph, lymphoid organs (thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes), and scattered in all tissues of the body |
| What is Hematopoiesis? | The process by which the formed elements of blood are produced |
| What are the cells of the immune system? | Phagocytic cells, Dendritic cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes |
| What are the 2 types of phagocytic cells and what is the phagocytic cells function | 1. Monoclear phagocytes (I.) 2. Polymorphonuclear phagocytes(II.) ... They ingest antigens and enzymatically degrade them within their lysosomal compartment |
| What are the characteristics of the monoclear phagocytes? | 1.Arise from progenitor cells in bone marrow 2.Possess receptors fo the Fc portion of lgG molecules 3.Posses receptors for components of complement 4.Progress thru several identifiable stages development: Monoblasts, promonocytes, monocytes, macrophages |
| What are monocytes? | 10% of peripheral blood monoclear cells; leave the blood and accumulate at inflammatory sites; respond to chemotactic stimuli ; generally do not reenter the circulation |
| What are tissue macrophages? | Found in all tissues; phagocytic function; known by various names (microglia , osteoblasts, kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages) |
| What is the role of phagocytic cells in immune respose? | 1. Initiation: Antigen processing and presentation 2. Regulation: Enhancement/suppression 3. Effector function: Cytokine production; cytotoxicity |
| Where would you find macrophages? | - Lymph node - spleen - bone marrow - Perivascular connective tissue - serous cavity (peritoneum, pleura), skin connective tissue, lung(aveolar macrophages) - Live(kupffer cells) Bone(osteoblasts) - CNS (Microglia cells) - Synovium(Type A lining cells) |
| Polymorphonuclear phagocytes/leulocytes include: | 1. Neutrophils(PMNs) 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils 4. Mast cells (basophil-like) |
| What are Neutrophils (PMNs) cells? | at acute inflammatory reactions, responsible for initial host defense against invading microorganisms |
| What are Eosinophils? | respond to parasites, and in allergic reactions |
| What are basophils cells? | Found in the blood, release histamine into the blood stream |
| What are mast cells? | Found in connective tissue and mucosal tissue |
| What are dendritic cells? | Accessory cells that participate in many immune responses |
| There are 2 types of dendritic cells | 1. Interdigitating dendritic cells (AKA dendritic cells) 2. Follicular dendritic cells |
| What are the characteristics of interdigitating dendritic cells (aka dendritic cells) | 1.present in interstitium of most cells 2.abundant in T cell-rich areas of the lymph nodes & spleen 3.scattered throughout the epidermis (Langharns cells) 4.Arise from bone marrow 5.efficient antigen presenting cells (APC) --> stimulate naive T cells |
| What are the characteristics of Follicular dendritic cells | 1. Not derived from bone marrow 2. present on germinal center of lymphoid follicles 3. Act as APC --> selection and activation of B cells 4. Trap antigens that are complexed to antibodies or complement |
| What are the 3 type of cells included in the peripheral blood lymphocytes? | 1. B lymphocytes: bone marrow derived cells capable of producing antibodies (plasma cells) 2. T lymphocytes: produced in the bone marrow, mature in thymus. express T cell receptor are transmembrane proteins 3. Natural killer (NK) cells ----> |
| Natural killer (NK) cells characteristics 5. Release granzyme and perforin --> apoptosis of target cell 6. Mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity | 1. Morphologically similar to lymphocytes but lack markers of T or B cells 2. Can lyse a wide variety of target without prior sensitization 3. represent 5-15% circulating lymphocytes 4. part of the innate immune system(nonspecific) |
| Starting with neutrophils as most abundant white blood cells work your way down to the least abundent | Neutrophils --> lymphocytes --> monocytes --> Eosinophils (many granules) --> basophils (many granules) |
| How does the monocytes enter the tissues? | Through a process called extravasation and then get transformed to macrophages |
| What changes occur during the transition from monocytes to macrophages? | 1. Cell enlarge 5-10X 2. Intracellular organelles increase in number and complexity 3. Cells acquire Increased phagocytic activity 4. Increase secretion of many soluble factors |
| What is the role of macrophage? | 1. Phagocytosis and presenting of antigens to lymphocytes 2. Antimicrobial and anti-tumor 3. Secretion of soluble factors such as cytokines |
| What are macrophages activated by? | The earlies activating agent is chemokines .. Also, phagocytosis it self |
| infected macrophages are phagocytosed by ______ , which "cross-present" antigens to _____ | dendritic cells, T cells |
| Characteristics of the neutrophils | *They are 50-70% of white blood cells *main function is phagocytosis and killing ingested microorganisms *Do not function and APCs * 1st cells to arrive at site of infection/injury *has primary and secondary granules |
| primary granules | are electron dense and contain bactericidal enzymes |
| secondary granules | Are smaller than primary and not electron condense. |
| characterisitcs of Eosinophils *When eosinophils bind to IgE on the surface of the worm, the cell is triggered to degranulate, releasing hydrolytic enzymes damaging the worm tegument | *1-3% of circulating WBC *kinda phagocytic but don't act as APCs *Major role is against parasites *Kill by ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) by binding to parasites specifically IgE *stain red/orange <----------- |
| Major basic proteins (MBPs) | unique to eosinophils and highly toxic to worms .. also causes the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, and activate neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. |
| characteristics of basophils * upon re-exposure to the allergen, the allergen binds to IgE on the surface of the basophils resulting in degranulation during the effector phase | *stain blue in basic dye *<1% of WBC *play a major role in allergic reaction when they release their granules (histamine, serotonin, heparin..) *bear Fc receptor for IgE *IgEs bind to surface of basophils during sensitization phase |
| Mast cells characteristics *Produce a variety of cytokines *TNF is produced and stored within the cytoplasm | *Released from the bone marrow as undeffrentiated & stay like that till they enter the tissue *morphology & function similar to basophils, but clearly different lineage *bear Fc for IgE & contains many granules which also play a role in allergic response |
| characteristics of Dendritic cells *activates T cells and initiate immune respoonser *Liaison between the innate and adaptive immune systems | *Originate from the bone marrow *Found in structural compartment of lymphoid organs *Found in blood stream *Antigen Presenting cell (APC) Most potent and effective in the body *capture antigens and bring it to the lymphoid organ |
| What are the 2 types of lymphocytes and give their characteristics **lymphoblast further differentiate to effector cells or memoory cells(B &T cells, plasma cells, T helper Cells, t cytotoxic cells) | T and B lymphocytes. They are Motile & nonphagocytic cells which cannot be distinguished from each other morphologically. *Can extravasate & enter the tissues *Memory cels are long lived cells that reside in the G0 phase |
| Function of T lymphocytes | Basically respond to antigens **(CD4+) secrete lymphokines which act on other cells involved in immune response **(CD8+) able to cause lysis of infected cells |
| Function of B lymphocytes | produce antibodies in response to foreign proteins of bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells |
| What are antibodies | specialized proteins that specifically recognize and bind to one particular protein. it's often a signal to other cells to engulf or kill the substance from the body |
| what gives te antibody its specificity for binding antigens? | The variable region, containing 110-130 amino acids it includes the ends of light and heavy chains. |
| the constant region | determines the mechanism used to destroy the antigen |
| What are the 5 major classes of antibodies? | IgG,IgM,IgA,IgE,and IgD |
| Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) differentiate into 2 things | 1. LPC (Lymphoied progenitor cells) 2. MSC (Myeloid stem cells) |
| growth factor and ____ determine path | cytokines |
| What are stromal cells? | are supporting cells in BM and are major source of hematopoietic cytokines |
| There are 4 types colony stimulating factors, what are they? | 1. Multi CSF (IL-3) 2. M-CSF (macrophage CSF) 3. G-CSF (Granulocyte CSF) 4. GM-CSF (Granulocyte monocyte CSF) |
| What does EPO (Erythropoietin) do? | induces production of RBC |
| what are the primary lymphoid organs of the immune system? | lymphocytes arise & mature in an antigen-dependent manner. it has : Bone Marrow: located in the middle of our bone.It generates precursor lymphoid cells for export to lymphoid tissue.Thymus: located infront of the upper chest, acts as nursery for developm |
| What are lymph nodes and what do they do? | Oval structure located throughout the body; consist of outer cortex containing lymphoid follicles (B cell zone) T cells are located in inter-follicular areas. functions to filter lymph fluids, act as site for cellular interaction, contains accessory cells |
| What is spleen functions in ? | has immune and non immune functions. It is site of hematopoiesis and site of cell-cell interactions for immune response. remove old or damaged platelets and RBC, and major site of phagocytosis of Ab-coated microbes |
| What is skin functions in ? | active participant in host defense; has the capacity to generate and support local immune and inflammatory reactions against foreign antigens that enter the body via skin |
| What are some cells included in the skin? | Keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal langerhans cells, and interepithelial T cells |
| How does langharns cells capture antigens? | by forming a continuous epidermal meshwork after they capture them they migrate to draining lymph nodes where they act as APC |
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amiqnais
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