Altered cellular and tissue biology
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| Pathophysiology | The study of the physiology of abnormal states. In particular, the functional changes that accompany a disease
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| Pathology | The study or diagnose of a disease through examination of organs, tissue, fluids, whole bodies
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| What are the 2 branches of medical pathology? | 1. Anatomical (How do the anatomical structures change in a disease)
2. Clinical Pathology (lab values, basic mechanisms of disease-histological examination)
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| Neoplasia | Cell adaptation
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| Apoptosis | Cell death
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| Inflammation, wound healing | Tissue adaptation
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| Necrosis | Tissue Death
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| What are some causes of cell injury? | Genetic abnormality .. Hypoxia .. Ishemia .. Nutritional imbalance .. Physical agents .. Chemical agents .. Immunologic reaction .. endogenous toxins
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| Following a stress, the way a cell reacts depends on? | Type, duration and severity of the stress ... Type, state adaptability of the cell
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| Characteristics of reversible cell injury | Mild stress ... short duration ... Mild morphological ... Biochemical changes
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| Characteristics of irreversible cell injury | Stress is severe .., apoptosis ... Necrosis
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| What is Hydropic swelling | A type of reversible cell injury caused of imbalance in process controlling Na+ concentration in Cytoplasm
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| Why does the cell swell and increase in size in hydropic swelling | Because of the accumulation of water and Na+
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| What is Hypertrophy and what are some examples of it | Adaptive response that increase the cell size .. examples: increased metabolic rate - Rise in ATP demand .. and Cell stimulation - increased in protein synthesis
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| What is Atrophy | Decrease in cell size
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| What is Hyperplasia | increase in cell # (Mitosis) .. and it's reversible
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| What is Metaplasia | Change in cell type (Mature, differentiated) .. Think of when playing a guitar how the skin of the finger changes .. carries risk to malignant tranformation
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| What is Dysplasia | Change in organization (immature, precancerous) due to partial loss of differentiation
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| Excessive of cortisol can lead to | Cushing's syndrom
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| What are the characteristics of Dysplasia | Anisocytosis (Cell unequal in size) ... Poikilocytosis (Abnormally shaped cell) .... Hyperchromatism (excessive Pigmentation) .... Presence of Mitotic figures (unusual # of cells that are currently dividing)
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| Characteristics of a cell undergoing apoptosis or necrosis --> ultrastructural change | 1. Progressive loss of nuclear chromatin
2. Rupture of the nuclear membrane
3. Breakdown of the plasma membrane
4. Development of flocculent densities in mitochondria
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| What is Pyknosis | condensation of chromatin and shrinkage of the nucleus
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| What is Karyorrhexis | Fragmentation of the nucleus
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| What is Karyolysis | Dissolution of the nucleus
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| What triggers apoptosis | a slight damage to Mitochondria .. Also, Extrinsic Pathways and Interinsic pathways
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| what triggers nicrosis | A severe damage to mitochondria .. caused only from external factors
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| What do Cytotoxic drugs do | Induce cell death through interconnection between apoptotic and necrotic pathways
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| What is coagulative necrosis | Seen in hypoxic environments, such as infaraction
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| What is Liquefactive necrosis | Usually associated with cellular destruction and pus formation .. ischemia causes it too
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| Gummatous necrosis | restricted to necrosis involving Spirochaetal infection
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| Gangrenous Necrosis | In lower limbs, has lost its blood supply and under necrosis
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| Haemorrhagic Necrosis | due to blockage of the venous drainage of an organ or tissue
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| Caseous Necrosis | Specific form of coagulation necrosis caused by mycobacteria, fungi, and some foreign sybstances
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| Fatty necrosis | Results from the action of lipases on fatty tissue
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| fibriboid necrosis | Caused by immune mediated vascular drainage
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| Apoptosis Vs Necrosis | Apoptois : Cells shrink and condense, Release small membrane-bound bodies, and small fragments are engulfed ... Necrosis: cell swell and burst, Damage surrounding area, Induce inflammation
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| What does ectoderm give rise to? | skin and nervous system
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| What does mesoderm give rise to? | bones and muscular tissues
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| What does endoderm give rise to? | internal organ tissues
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| What is the epithelial tissue and its function | Forms the covering or lining of free body surfaces both internal and external. Functions: protection, absorption, excretion, secretion
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| What are muscle tissues and their function | Muscle cells are highly specialized for contraction
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| Connective tissue | Support, anchor, and connect various parts of the body
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| Nervous tissue | Specialized in the conduction of electrical impulses
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| What are dendrites and Axons | Dendrites: highly branched fibers that bring impulses toward cell body .. Axons: single, unbranched fiber that carry info away from the cell body
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| What is an Asohyxial injury | Failure of cell to receive oxygen .. suffocation
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| What is Regeneration | Replacement of exact specialized structure and function .. get organized in the same structure as before the injury
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| What is repair (wound healing) | injured tissue is replaced with connective tissue - result in scar formation
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| What are the 2 primary mechanisms of Regeneration? | 1. Proliferation and differentiation of stem.
2. Dedefferntiation (specialized ---> unspecialized form)
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| Process of tissue repair contains 4 overlapping phases: | 1. Hemostasis (platelet aggregation)
2. Inflammation (Erythema, swelling, warmth)
3. Proliferation (Granulation and contraction)
4. Remodeling (maturation)
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| How long is Hemostasis and what cells are involved in this Phase? | occurs immediately .. cells involved are Platelets
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| How long is Inflammation and what cells are involved in this phase? | 1-4 days .. Cells involved are neutrophils
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| How long is Proliferation and what cells are involved in this phase? | 4-21 days .. Cells involved: Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Angiocytes, Neurocytes, Fibroblasts, keratinocytes
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| How long is Remodeling and what cells are involved in this phase? | day 21-2 years .. cells involved : Fibrocytes
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