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PHRM6101
Altered cellular and tissue biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pathophysiology | The study of the physiology of abnormal states. In particular, the functional changes that accompany a disease |
| Pathology | The study or diagnose of a disease through examination of organs, tissue, fluids, whole bodies |
| What are the 2 branches of medical pathology? | 1. Anatomical (How do the anatomical structures change in a disease) 2. Clinical Pathology (lab values, basic mechanisms of disease-histological examination) |
| Neoplasia | Cell adaptation |
| Apoptosis | Cell death |
| Inflammation, wound healing | Tissue adaptation |
| Necrosis | Tissue Death |
| What are some causes of cell injury? | Genetic abnormality .. Hypoxia .. Ishemia .. Nutritional imbalance .. Physical agents .. Chemical agents .. Immunologic reaction .. endogenous toxins |
| Following a stress, the way a cell reacts depends on? | Type, duration and severity of the stress ... Type, state adaptability of the cell |
| Characteristics of reversible cell injury | Mild stress ... short duration ... Mild morphological ... Biochemical changes |
| Characteristics of irreversible cell injury | Stress is severe .., apoptosis ... Necrosis |
| What is Hydropic swelling | A type of reversible cell injury caused of imbalance in process controlling Na+ concentration in Cytoplasm |
| Why does the cell swell and increase in size in hydropic swelling | Because of the accumulation of water and Na+ |
| What is Hypertrophy and what are some examples of it | Adaptive response that increase the cell size .. examples: increased metabolic rate - Rise in ATP demand .. and Cell stimulation - increased in protein synthesis |
| What is Atrophy | Decrease in cell size |
| What is Hyperplasia | increase in cell # (Mitosis) .. and it's reversible |
| What is Metaplasia | Change in cell type (Mature, differentiated) .. Think of when playing a guitar how the skin of the finger changes .. carries risk to malignant tranformation |
| What is Dysplasia | Change in organization (immature, precancerous) due to partial loss of differentiation |
| Excessive of cortisol can lead to | Cushing's syndrom |
| What are the characteristics of Dysplasia | Anisocytosis (Cell unequal in size) ... Poikilocytosis (Abnormally shaped cell) .... Hyperchromatism (excessive Pigmentation) .... Presence of Mitotic figures (unusual # of cells that are currently dividing) |
| Characteristics of a cell undergoing apoptosis or necrosis --> ultrastructural change | 1. Progressive loss of nuclear chromatin 2. Rupture of the nuclear membrane 3. Breakdown of the plasma membrane 4. Development of flocculent densities in mitochondria |
| What is Pyknosis | condensation of chromatin and shrinkage of the nucleus |
| What is Karyorrhexis | Fragmentation of the nucleus |
| What is Karyolysis | Dissolution of the nucleus |
| What triggers apoptosis | a slight damage to Mitochondria .. Also, Extrinsic Pathways and Interinsic pathways |
| what triggers nicrosis | A severe damage to mitochondria .. caused only from external factors |
| What do Cytotoxic drugs do | Induce cell death through interconnection between apoptotic and necrotic pathways |
| What is coagulative necrosis | Seen in hypoxic environments, such as infaraction |
| What is Liquefactive necrosis | Usually associated with cellular destruction and pus formation .. ischemia causes it too |
| Gummatous necrosis | restricted to necrosis involving Spirochaetal infection |
| Gangrenous Necrosis | In lower limbs, has lost its blood supply and under necrosis |
| Haemorrhagic Necrosis | due to blockage of the venous drainage of an organ or tissue |
| Caseous Necrosis | Specific form of coagulation necrosis caused by mycobacteria, fungi, and some foreign sybstances |
| Fatty necrosis | Results from the action of lipases on fatty tissue |
| fibriboid necrosis | Caused by immune mediated vascular drainage |
| Apoptosis Vs Necrosis | Apoptois : Cells shrink and condense, Release small membrane-bound bodies, and small fragments are engulfed ... Necrosis: cell swell and burst, Damage surrounding area, Induce inflammation |
| What does ectoderm give rise to? | skin and nervous system |
| What does mesoderm give rise to? | bones and muscular tissues |
| What does endoderm give rise to? | internal organ tissues |
| What is the epithelial tissue and its function | Forms the covering or lining of free body surfaces both internal and external. Functions: protection, absorption, excretion, secretion |
| What are muscle tissues and their function | Muscle cells are highly specialized for contraction |
| Connective tissue | Support, anchor, and connect various parts of the body |
| Nervous tissue | Specialized in the conduction of electrical impulses |
| What are dendrites and Axons | Dendrites: highly branched fibers that bring impulses toward cell body .. Axons: single, unbranched fiber that carry info away from the cell body |
| What is an Asohyxial injury | Failure of cell to receive oxygen .. suffocation |
| What is Regeneration | Replacement of exact specialized structure and function .. get organized in the same structure as before the injury |
| What is repair (wound healing) | injured tissue is replaced with connective tissue - result in scar formation |
| What are the 2 primary mechanisms of Regeneration? | 1. Proliferation and differentiation of stem. 2. Dedefferntiation (specialized ---> unspecialized form) |
| Process of tissue repair contains 4 overlapping phases: | 1. Hemostasis (platelet aggregation) 2. Inflammation (Erythema, swelling, warmth) 3. Proliferation (Granulation and contraction) 4. Remodeling (maturation) |
| How long is Hemostasis and what cells are involved in this Phase? | occurs immediately .. cells involved are Platelets |
| How long is Inflammation and what cells are involved in this phase? | 1-4 days .. Cells involved are neutrophils |
| How long is Proliferation and what cells are involved in this phase? | 4-21 days .. Cells involved: Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Angiocytes, Neurocytes, Fibroblasts, keratinocytes |
| How long is Remodeling and what cells are involved in this phase? | day 21-2 years .. cells involved : Fibrocytes |
Created by:
amiqnais
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