Psychology Ch. 2
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| Central Nervous System | The brain and spinal cord.
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| Brain | Interprets and stores information and sends orders to the muscles, glands, and organs.
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| Spinal Cord | Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system.
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| Peripheral Nervous System | Transmits information to and from the central nervous system.
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| Autonomic Nervous System | Automatically regulates glands, internal organs, blood vessels, pupil dilation, digestion, and blood pressure.
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| Somatic Nervous System | Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles.
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| Parasympathetic Division | Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy.
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| Sympathetic Division | Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress.
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| Nervous System | An extensive network of specialized cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body.
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| Neuroscience | Deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue. Relationship to behavior and learning.
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| Neurons | The basic cells that make up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system.
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| Biological Psychology | Is a field in which the mind-body connection is explored through scientific research and clinical practice. Researchers in this field study the biological basis of thoughts, emotions and behaviors.
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| Behavioral Psychology | Is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study and alteration of people's behaviors, including their actions, emotions and thoughts.
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| Behaviorism Theory | The theory that mental and emotional disorders can be improved through behavior-modifying techniques.
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| Dendrites | Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons.
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| Soma | The cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell.
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| Axon | Long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells.
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| Glial Cells | Grey fatty cells that: Provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to the neurons, and provide myelin to coat axons.
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| Myelin | Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. It also cleans up waste products and dead neurons.
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| Nerves | Bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body.
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| Neurilemma | Schwann's membrane - Tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves. This is the reason that a severed finger or toe is sewed back in time and can recover some feeling.
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| Neurons in the Brain and Spinal Cord | They don't have the coating of the neurilemma and would be permanently damaged.
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| Ions | Charged particles.
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| Inside Neuron | Negatively charged.
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| Outside Neuron | Positively charged.
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| Resting Potential | The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse.
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| Action Potential | The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon. Allows positive sodium ions to enter the cell.
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| All-Or-None | A neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all. Returns to its resting potential.
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| Axon Terminals | Branches at the end of the axon.
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| Synaptic Knob | Rounded areas on the end of axon terminals.
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| Synaptic Vesicles | Sack-like structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals.
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell.
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| Synapses or Synaptic Gap | Microscopic fluid filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell.
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| Receptor Sites | Holes in the surface of the dendrite or certain cells of the muscles and glans, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.
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| Excitatory Neurotransmitter | Neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire.
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| Inhibitory Neurotransmitter | Neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing.
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| Chemical Substances | Can affect neuronal communication.
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| Agonist | Mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell.
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| Antagonist | Block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemical or neurotransmitters.
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| Acetylcholine | Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal, attention, memory, and controls muscle contractions.
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| Serotonin | Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep, and appetite.
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| GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement.
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| Glutamate | Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity.
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| Norepinephrine | Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood.
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| Dopamine | Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure.
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| Endorphin | Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief.
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