Ecology Unit
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| Biotic Factors | All living organisms
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| Abiotic Factors | Non-living factors in an environment (pH, temp., sunlight, soil)
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| Population | A group of ONE species that live in the same environment
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| Community | All the living organisms within an environment. Several interacting populations.
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| Ecosystem | All the living and nonliving parts of an environment
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| Biosphere | The EARTH
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| Niche | An organism's JOB in an ecosystem
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| Habitat | WHERE an organism lives
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| Range | The area on a map where organisms live and move within
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| Limiting Factor | Anything (biotic or abiotic) that can affect an organism's ability to survive in its habitat. (examples: temp, sun, food, predators, etc)
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| Autotroph | Producer, or something that makes its own food by absorbing energy
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| Heterotroph | Consumer, or something that must consume food to make energy
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| Herbivore | Consumer that eats plants
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| Carnivore | Consumer that eats only meat/other animals
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| Scavenger | Consumer that searches out and eats dead animals
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| Omnivore | Consumer that eats both plants and animals
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| Decomposer | Consumer that breaks down dead material into simpler forms
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| Symbiosis | Two different species living together and affecting each other in a specific way
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| Commensalism | Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. Example: bird makes nest in tree
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| Mutualism | Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. Example: bee and flowers
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| Parasitism | Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Example: flea on a dog
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| Trophic Level | Each step in the food chain or a level of energy transfer
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| Biomass | The total amount of organic matter in an ecosystem
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| Food Chain | A simple model that shows how energy and matter move through an ecosystem
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| Food Web | A model that shows all possible feeding relationships within a community.
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| Evaporation | The change of liquid water to water vapor (gas).
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| Transpiration | The release of water from plants
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| Condensation | The change of water vapor (gas) into liquid water.
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| Precipitation | The water released from clouds.
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| Photosynthesis | The process of turning carbon dioxide, water, and Light energy into oxygen and sugar.
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| Respiration | The process of turning sugar and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide and water.
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| Nitrogen Fixation | Bacteria changes (fixes) Nitrogen in the atmosphere into forms that other living things can use.
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| Biological Magnification | Toxins increase or magnify as they move through a food chain.
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| Density | Number of individuals per unit of space
Example: 20 rabbits per acre of land
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| Immigration | Movement of individuals INTO a population
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| Emigration | Movement of individuals OUT of a population (Exiting)
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| Density Dependent Factors | Factors that affect populations more the larger the population is in size/density. Example: Disease, Parasites, Predators (biotic factors)
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| Density Independent Factors | Factors that affect populations regardless of the size/density.
Examples: Temperature, storms, drought (abiotic factors)
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| Dispersion | Describes how a population is spread out relative to each other.
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| Carrying Capacity | The maximum population size that can be supported by the number of resources in an environment. There can only be as many organisms as the environment can support.
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| Logistic Growth | S-Curve. Populations are held around carrying capacity.
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| Exponential Growth | J-Curve. Populations grow uncontrollable, but will eventually crash when resources run out.
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| R-Strategists | Organisms that reproduce quickly and don't live very long.
Examples: Insects, bacteria, weeds
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| K-Strategists | Organisms that reproduce more slowly, have a longer life span, and often provide parental care.
Examples: Elephants, deer, lions, whales
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| Succession | How an ecosystem changes over time with new species gradually replaces existing species.
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| Primary Succession | Succession that starts on BARE ROCK
Only after lava flow, glacier flow
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| Secondary Succession | Succession that starts on EXISTING SOIL
After forest first and natural disasters that remove everything but soil
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| Pioneer Organism | The first organisms to show up to a new environment.
LICHENS and sometimes moss help create new soil by breaking down rock.
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| Climax Community | The final community in succession.
In VA it is an oak/hickory tree forest.
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| Pond Succession | Ponds gradually get more organisms over time, but ponds shrink in size over time
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| Biodiversity | Having many DIFFERENT types of species. Tropical Rain forests and coral reefs contain most diversity
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| Producer | First trophic level of a food chain/pyramid
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| Primary Consumer | First consumer of a food chain/pyramid that feeds on producers. Usually a herbivore.
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| Secondary Consumer | Second consumer of a food chain/pyramid that feeds on primary consumers. Omnivore or carnivore
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| Tertiary Consumer | Third consumer of a food chain/pyramid that feeds on secondary consumers. Carnivore
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| Quaternary Consumer | Fourth consumer of a food chain/pyramid that feeds on a third level consumer. Carnivore
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| Where does energy originate from for most ecosystems? | Sun
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| Global Warming | The gradual increase in Earth's temperature, often due to the increase in Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere.
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| Greenhouse Effect | Earth's atmosphere helps trap heat by reflecting heat from the surface of the Earth back down. This helps keep Earth warm instead of heat being released into space at night.
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| Dead Zone | Aquatic areas that have no oxygen. Therefore, no living thing can survive in it. These are created by fertilizer run-off and pollution.
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| Nitrification | when bacteria coverts ammonia into nitrates for plant uptake
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| Assimilation | when plants take up the fixed nitrogen in the soil
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| Denitrification | converting nitrogen in the soil back in to atmospheric nitrogen gas
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| Eutrophication | too many nutrients in the water usually from run-off causing algae to bloom. Bacteria sucks up the oxygen causing aquatic animals to die.
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Created by:
Rylands
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