Science - grade 9 - vocabulary
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| variations | differences in characteristics of organisms caused by genetic and environmental factors
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| biological diversity | the number and variety of organisms in an area
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| species | a group of organisms that share similar genetic and physical characteristics; these organisms can inter breed and produce fertile offspring
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| specation | the evolution of different species from a single ancester
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| structural adaptation | an inherited physical characteristic that helps an organism in it's environment
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| behavioral adaption | an inherited characteristic behavior that helps an organism survive in it's environment
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| diversity index | a measure of the biological diversity in an area, calculated by dividing the number of runs in a walk-through of an area by the total number of specimens
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| environment | the area or conditions in which an organism lives; sometimes used to refer exclusively to natural areas on Earth
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| competition | the struggle among individual organisms for access to a limited resource, such as food or territory
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| niche | a habitat supplying the factors necessary for the existence of an organism or species; the conditions that are optimal for survival
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| broad niche | an organism that has adapted to an extensive range of environmental conditions for survival; can live in various different conditions
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| narrow niche | an organism that must have a very specific environmental conditions to survive and only plays a limited role in its habitat
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| generalist | an organism with generalized requirements and adaptations that allow it to survive in variable conditions and depend on a variety of food sources
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| specialist | an organism that is adapted to a very specific environment and having a narrow niche
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| specialization | adaptations for surviving in very specific environment
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| symbiotic | an interaction between organisms of different species living in close proximity to each other in a relationship that lasts over time
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| heritable | a genetic characteristic; one that can be passed on from parent to offspring
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| reproductive strategy | a method an organism uses to reproduce
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| asexual reproduction | the formation of a new individual from a single organism
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| binary fision | the splitting of a single celled organism into two new organisms approximately equal in size; ex: bacteria reproduce through this process
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| spores | a single celled reproductive structure from which an individual offspring develops; plants, algae, fungi, and some protozoa produce spores
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| zoospores | an asexual spore of some algae and fungi that moves by means of flagella
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| meristem | an area of cell division of unspeciallized cells in the tips of roots and shoots that produce new growth in plants
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| clones | an identical copy of a molecules, gene, cell, or entire organism
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| budding | an asexual reproduction process in which a bud forms on an organism, grows, and eventually breaks away away to become a new organism independent of the parent
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| sexual reproduction | reproductive process involving two sexes or mating types, resulting in offspring with genes from both parents
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| zygospore | a single celled reproductive structure formed in sexual reproduction by some fungi
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| bacterial conjugation | direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell through direct contact
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| zygote | the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
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| pistil | the seed producing, or female, part of a flower
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| stamen | the pollen-bearing organ of a flower, consisting of the filament and the anther; the male fertilizing organ of a flower
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| ovule | the female reproductive structure that develops into a seed-bearing plant
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| pollen tube | in a plant, a tube that grows from a germinating pollen grain and enters the embryo sac in an ovule
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| embryo | the part of a seed that develops into a plant
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| cotyledons | is part of the embryo within the seed of a plant; the first leaves of the seedling; contains the stored food reserves from the seed
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| genetics | the study of genes or inheritable traits
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| continuous variation | is the combined effect of many genes and is often significantly affected by environmental influences
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| discrete variation | inherited traits that have a limited number of variations, such as the ability or inability to role one's tongue
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| dominant trait | an inherited trait that shows up in an offspring
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| recessive trait | an inherited trait that shows up in the offspring only if both parents pass on the genes for this trait
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| mutation | a change in the genetic information, or DNA, of an organism
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| mutagen | an agent that can cause changes in the genetic information of an organism
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| DNA | a molecule that stores genetic information for heritable traits and directs the structure and functions of cells
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| chromosomes | in a cell, tightly packed strands of DNA visible under light microscope during cell division
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| gene | a section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein and function
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| somatic cells | one of the cells that take part in the formation of the body; any cell other than a reproductive cell
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| genetic engineering | the artificial introduction of genes from one organism into the genetic material of another organism
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| biotechnologies | using or modifying living organisms to make marketable products; sometimes involves genetic engineering
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| aquaculture | fish farming
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| domestic | an animal that is no longer wild, but has been bred or tamed by humans to perform various functions
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| artificial selection | technique in which individual plants or animals with desirable traits are bred together to develop plants or animals with specific traits
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| selective breeding | technique in which individual plants or animals with desirable traits are bred together to develop plants or animals with specific traits
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| natural selection | a natural occurring process in which only those organisms with the best traits for survival in an environment will survive to reproduce
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| extripation | the extinction of a species from specific geographical areas
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| bio-indicator species | species that help indicate environmental change
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| seed bank | a collection of genetically diverse seeds
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| global treaties | international agreements between many nations world wide
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| chemistry | the study of the properties of matter and the changes it undergoes
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| caustic | an agent that burns or destroys living tissue
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| homogeneous | a mixture in which particles are uniformly scattered; has a uniform composition
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| heterogeneous | a mixture in which the particles are not uniformly scattered
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| physical change | change in form but not in chemical composition; no new substance is formed
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| chemical change | change in which one or more new chemical substances are formed
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| Law of Definite Composition | compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements combined together in fixed proportion
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| electrolysis | the process of decomposing a chemical compound by passing an electric current through it
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| element | is a pure substance made up of one type of particle or atom
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| compound | pure substances that are made up of two or more elements chemically compound together
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| atomic nucleus | the center of the atom; contains protons and neutrons
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| proton | the positively charged particles making up the nucleus
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| neutrons | uncharged particles in the nucleus with a mass slightly greater than protons
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| element symbol | symbols for all the known elements
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| chemical family | used to describe a group of related elements that have similar properties
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| atomic mass | is the average mass of an atom of an element
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| atomic number | is the number of protons an element has in it's nucleus
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| periods | the horizontal rows of the periodic table
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| ionic compound | formed when atoms transfer electrons to or from other atoms
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| molecular compound | formed when atoms share electrons
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| chemical formula | uses symbols and numerals to represent the composition of a pure substance
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| molecule | is the smallest independent unit of a pure substance and is generally a cluster of atoms joined together
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| diatomic molecule | are molecules made of 2 atoms of the same element
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| binary compound | a compound made from 2 elements
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| ion | is a particle or group of particles with a positive or negative charge
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| conductivety | is the ability of a substance to carry an electrical current
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| chemical reaction | 2 or more substances that under-go a reorganization of atoms to form other substances
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| reactants | the substances that go into a chemical reaction
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| products | substances produced by a chemical reaction
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| exothermic | chemical reactions that gives off energy
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| endothermic | chemical reactions that absorb energy
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| reaction rate | is a measure of how fast a reaction occurs
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| catalyst | is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being changed itself
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| enzyme | is a natural catalyst made by living things
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| inhibiter | a substance that slows down chemical reactions
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| corrosion | is the oxidation of metals or rocks in the presence of air and moisture
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| rust | iron oxide, a product of the chemical reaction of iron, oxygen, and moisture
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| galvinization | the process of coating metals in a thin layer of zinc
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| combustion | is the highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen
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| nutrients | a chemical in food, used for energy, growth, body building, or cell repair
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| carbohydrates | an organic nutrient made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| proteins | an organic nutrient composed of a chain of amino acids
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| lipids | an organic nutrient that does not dissolve in water
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| vitamins | a molecule that helps enzymes function in the body
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| macronimerals | a mineral that the body requires in the amount of 100mg/day or more in order to maintain health
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| trace element | a mineral that the body requires in the amount of less than 100mg/day in order to maintain health
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| enzymes | a special protein molecule that regulates chemical reactions in living organisms
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| pesticide | a chemical used to control pests
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| herbicide | a chemical used to control weeds
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| insecticides | a chemical used to control insects
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| fungicides | a chemical used to control mold and fungi
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| biological magnification | the process where by chemicals accumulates in the tissues of organisms along the food chain
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| acidic | having a ph below 7
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| basic | having a ph higher then 7
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| acids | a chemical that producers an acidic substances, having a ph value of less than 7
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| bases | a chemical that produces a basic substances, having a ph value of more than 7
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| indicator | a chemical that changes color to indicate whether a substance is an acid or base
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| litmus | a mixture of plant compounds used as an indicator
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| ph scale | a scale that measures the ph of a substance
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| ph paper | paper saturated in a chemical to show whether a substance is an acid or base
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| acid percipitation | rain or snow containing acid compounds
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| liming | adding calcium carbonate to the environment
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| acid base neutralization | the combining of an acid and base to produce salt water
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| catalytic | a device that encourages complete oxidation during combustion
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| catalyst | a substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being used up
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| oxidation | a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines with other elements to make new ones
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| scrubbers | a device using water or a solution for purifying gases or vapors
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| sorbent | a substance that has the property of collecting molecules of another substance by absorption
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| pollutant | any material, or form of energy, that will cause harm to living organisms
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| pollution | an alteration of the environment producing a condition harmful to living things
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| toxicity | the ability of a chemical to cause harm to an organism
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| chronic toxicity | the ability of a chemical to cause harm to an organism only after multiple exposures
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| LD50 | represents the individual dose required to kill 50% of a population of test animals
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| non-persistant | wastes that can been broken down into non-polluting compounds
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| persistant | wastes that accumulate in the environment
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| biological indicators | a living organism whose state indicates the health of an environment
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| macroinvertabrate | an organism visible to the naked eye with no backbone
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| point source | a specific location where pollution originates from
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| non-point source | a source of pollution with no originating point
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| N.I.M.B.Y. | Not in My Back Yard
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| ground water | water that filters down through the soil and fills space in the ground
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| aquifier | an underground reserve of water
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| biodegradable | able to be broken down by the environment
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| solvent | a substance that can be used to dissolve other substance
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| sanitary landfill | a landfill with waterproof lining and covered in dirt
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| leachate | a liquid that results when wastes decompose
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| secure landfill | a landfill that disposes of toxic or hazardous materials safely
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| bioremediation | using living organisms to break down toxic substances into non-toxic substances
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| static electricity | a charge produced by rubbing or touching objects together
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| unbalanced charges | a more correct term for static electricity, because the charges are not stationary
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| Law of Charges | - unlike charges attract
- like charges repel
- charged objects attract uncharged objects
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| insulators | material that does not allow charges to move freely on or through them; most non-metals are insulators; ie: rubber
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| conductors | material that allow charges to move freely; most metals are conductors
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| superconductors | material that offers little or no resistance to the flow of charges
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| discharge | electrons either enter an object to make up for a shortage, or an excess of electrons leave the object
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| neutralized | become balanced
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| grounding | connecting an object to Earth with conducting wire to safely re-balance a charge
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| circuit | provides a continuous pathway for charges to move
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| battery | is a combination of cells
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| switch | is used to open or close a circuit to control the current running through it
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| resistor | is a symbol used to represent one of many different loads
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| loads | items along a circuit that convert electricity into other forms of energy
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| amperers | an instrument used to measure large currents
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| galvonometer | an instrument used to measure very weak electric current
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| ammeter | an instrument used to measure large currents
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| potential difference | the difference in energy per unit of charge between one point in the circuit and another point in the circuit
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| voltage | the amount of potential energy between two points on a circuit; the difference in charge between the two points is called the voltage
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| volt | the standard unit for potential difference
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| voltmeter | an instrument to measure voltage
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| resistance | is a property of a substance that hinders motion of electric charge and converts electric energy into other forms of energy
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| Ohm | the standard unit for electrical resistance
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| Ohmeter | an instrument that measures electrical resistance
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| Ohm's Law | R=V/I
resistance = voltage / current
voltage - is the potential difference between 2 points
current - current flowing through the resistance
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| parallel circuits | circuits with several current paths
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| series of circuits | circuits with only one current path
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| branch | each current path in a parallel current; a parallel circuit has a series of branches connected side by side
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| thermocouple | a loop of two wires made of different types of metals that converts heat to energy
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| thermo-electric generator | is a device based on a thermocouple that converts heat directly into electricity without moving parts
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| electro-chemical cell | is a device capable of generating electrical energy from chemical reactions
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| electrode | the 2 metal in a voltaic or electo-chemical cell
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| electrolyte | a substance that can conduct electricity
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| primary cell | a cell that cannot be recharged
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| secondary cell | a rechargeable cell that uses chemical reactions which can be reversed
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| electric generator | a device that converts mechanical energy into electric energy
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| electromagnet | a strong temporary magnet created by inserting a soft iron core into a coil of wire and then passing a current through the wire
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| alternating current | electricity produced in a generator where the current flowing from the generator changes direction regularly
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| dynamo | a generator that produces direct current
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| commutator | a part of the dynamo generator that serves to reverse the induced current as it changes direction making the current flow in only one direction
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| rotor | the rotating core of an AC motor
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| stator | is a 2 pole electromagnet that surrounds the rotor
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| transformers | used to step-up the voltage for efficient transmission of current over long distances
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| circuit breaker | acts like a switch and safety device that can cut all power coming into the home
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| fuse | contains a metallic conductor that melts when excessive current heats it up; this opens the circuit until the fuse is replaced
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| branch circuit | supplies power to one or more wall plugs or lights connected in parallel by cables in the house walls
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| neutral wire | the white insulated live wire in each branch circuit
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| hot wire | black insulated live wire in each branch circuit
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| ground wire | is either bare copper or covered with green insulation; is the third wire in the branch circuit
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| electrical code | a set of standards for all electrical wiring
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| digital machines | machines that process numerically coded information
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| binary code | a sequence of on and off signals
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| transistors | the electronic switches in a modern digital device; solid state components that can be turned on and off by electric signals
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| renewable | can be continually replenished
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| therno-electric plants | plants that burn fossil fuels to produce electricity
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| non-renewable recources | fuels consumed faster than they can be produced by nature
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| open pit mining | mining in which the fuel, such as coal, is uncovered and dug directly from the ground
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| greenhouse gases | gases that help regulate the temperature on earth by holding in the heat from the sun in our atmosphere
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| hydro-electric plants | plants that use water pressure to generate electric energy
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| nuclear fission | the process whereby uranium is split into smaller atoms, making energy
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| thermonuclear | using the energy released in nuclear fission to generate electricity
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| nuclear fusion | the process whereby 2 smaller atoms join into a large atom, producing tremendous energy; how the sun generates energy
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| thermal pollution | releasing unwanted heat straight into lakes or streams
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| co-generation systems | electricity generating stations that produce electricity and also supply thermal energy
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| geothermal energy | thermal energy contained in the inner portions of earth
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| frame of reference | is a set of axes of any kind that is used to describe the positions or motions of things
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| celestial bodies | all objects seen in the sky; sun, stars, moon, planets
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| constellations | groupings of stars that form patterns, which appear like objects and are given names; ie: Orion the Hunter
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| planets | celestial bodies in our solar system that orbit the sun
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| azimuth | is the angle measured clockwise from north when measuring altitude-azimuth coordinates
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| altitude | is the angle measured above the horizon in degrees when measuring altitude-azimuth coordinates
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| altitude-azimuth coordinates | locate a celestial body relative to a fixed Earth (as though the celestial bodies are circling Earth)
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| astrolabe | is a devise used to measure the altitude of an object
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| compass | a device used to measure an object's azimuth
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| Earth centered model | a model of the universe that places earth at the center with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it
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| Sun centered model | a model of the universe that places the sun at the center with the Earth, planets and moons revolving around it
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| telescope | a device used to magnify objects at great distances
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| objective lens | the large lens at the front of a telescope
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| ocular lens | the lens through which you view a magnified objects using a telescope
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| resolving power | determines the fineness of detail a telescope can produce of an object in view
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| refracting telescope | a telescope that has a lens for the objective
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| reflecting telescope | a telescope that has a mirror for its objective
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| elipse | a figure that looks like a squashed circle; planets in the solar system move in elliptical orbits around the sun
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| universal gravitation | Newton's Law states that all objects attract all other objects and provides an explanation for the planets elliptical orbits
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| spectrum | sunlight, which is white light, is made up of all colors
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| spectroscope | a device that produces a focused spectrum
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| spectral lines | dark lines or bright lines observed in the spectra of stars
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| spectrascopy | the study of spectra spectrum produced when a beam of light is passed through a prism
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| diffraction grating | a device made of thousands of closely spaced slots through which light is passed in order to produce a spectrum
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| spectral analysis | the study of spectra
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| Doppler Effect | the phenomenon that the observed frequency of a wave changes if the source of the wave and the observer are moving toward or away from one another
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| red shift | when spectral lines move toward the longer wave length part (red end) of the spectrum
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| adaptive optics | is the technology that adjusts the mirror of a telescope or adjusts the image of the telescope, to control the effects of the constant changes in earth's atmosphere
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| triangulation | is a method of measuring distance indirectly by creating an imaginary triangle between an observer and an object who's distance is to be estimated
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| astronomical unit (AU) | is the distance from earth to the sun; 150 million km
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| light year | the distance that light travels in one year; approximately 63,240 AU or about 9.5 trillion km
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