UltimateAP6
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| Rh factor | Refers to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells.
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| ribosomal A site | Site that holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain.
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| Ribosomal E site | Site where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome.
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| ribosomal P site | Site that holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.
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| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | RNA molecules that construct ribosomal subunits.
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| ribosomes | Complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains.
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| ribozymes . | RNA molecules that function as enzymes
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| RNA interference | Blocking gene expression by means of an miRNA silencing complex.
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| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.
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| RNA processing | The modification of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus that is unique to eukaryotes.
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| RNA splicing | Process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together.
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| rough ER | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
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| rubisco | The most abundant protein on earth. Performs Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle.
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| S phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
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| salicylic acid | A plant hormone that may be partially responsible for activating systemic acquired resistance to pathogens.
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| scaffolding proteins | A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction.
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| Schwann cells | Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.
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| second law of thermodynamics | Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
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| second messengers | Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.
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| secondary consumer | Carnivore that eats herbivores.
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| secondary immune response | Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.
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| secondary production | Amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to new biomass.
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| secondary structure . | Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
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| secondary succession | Succession when an existing community has been cleared, but soil left intact.
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| seed coat | A tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule.
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| selective permeability | A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.
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| self-incompatibility | The ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.
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| semelparity | Big-bang reproduction.
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| semiconservative model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
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| sensitive period | A limited phase in an animal's development that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned.
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| sensory neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
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| sepal | A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.
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| serial endosymbiosis | Sequence of endosymbiotic events that led to an ancestral eukaryote.
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| serotonin | A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.
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| sex chromosomes | X and Y chromosomes.
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| sex linked genes | Genes located on the sex chromosomes.
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| sexual dimorphism | Differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics.
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| sexual recombination | Crossing over and shuffling of genes during meiosis.
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| sexual reproduction | When two parents give unique combination of genes to offspring.
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| sexual selection | Natural selection for mating success.
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| shared derived character | Evolutionary novelty unique to that clade.
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| shared primitive character | Trait shared beyond the taxon.
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| short-day plant | A plant that flowers only when the light period is shorter than a critical length. Usually fall or winter.
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| sickle-cell disease | Genetic disorder in which red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape.
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| sign stimulus | External sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.
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| signal | A behavior that causes change in another's behavior.
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| signal peptide | A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell.
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| signal transduction | A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
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| signal transduction pathway | The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.
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| signal-recognition particle | A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome.
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| simple epithelium | Single layer of cells.
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| simple fruit | A fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels.
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| single-strand binding protein (SSB) | Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template.
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| siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) | RNAs of similar size and functions as miRNAs that inhibit gene expression.
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| sister chromatids | Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.
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| skeletal muscle | Muscle that is striated, multinucleated.
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| smooth ER | Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells).
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| smooth muscle | Muscle that is not striated, is single nucleated.
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| social learning | Learning through observing others.
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| solute | Something dissolved in a solution.
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| solute potential | This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.
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| solvent | Dissolving agent of a solution.
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| somatic cell | Any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells.
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| Southern blotting | A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA.
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| spatial learning | The modification of behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the environment.
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| speciation | Origin of new species and the source of biological diversity.
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| species diversity | Variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community.
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| species richness | Total number of different species.
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| species transplant | Movement of a species to areas where it was previously absent.
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| species-area curve | The larger the geographic area, the greater the number of species.
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| specific epithet | Second part of scientific name.
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| spirilla | Spiral bacteria.
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| splicosome | Different particles that recognize splice sites are compiled in a large assembly. A complex of RNA and protein subunits. Removes introns from a transcribed pre-RNA segments.
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| spores | Produced by meiosis. Grow into haploid organisms by mitosis.
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| sporophyte | Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism. Makes haploid spores by meiosis.
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| squamous epithelium | Cells that look like floor tiles.
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| stabilizing selection | Shift that favors the mean.
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| stamen | The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.
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| standard metabolic rate (SMR) | The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm.
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| starch | Storage polysaccharide of plants.
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| stem cell | Unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types.
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| steroids | Made of four rings of carbon.
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| sticky end | A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.
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| stigma | The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which receives pollen grain.
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| stomata | Microscopic pores in the leaf which lets CO2 in and O2 out. Also where water is lost.
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| stratified epithelium | Multiples tiers of cells.
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| stroma | Fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle happens.
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| stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
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| stromatolites | Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment.
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| structural isomers | Differ in arrangement of atoms.
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| style | The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
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| substrate-level phosphorylation | When an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.
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| survivorship curves | Graph of the proportion of a cohort still alive at each age.
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| sympathetic division | The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats.
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| sympatric speciation | Speciation without a divided population.
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| synapse | The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and a muscle.
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| synapsis | Homologous chromosomes pair up, aligned gene by gene.
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| synaptic cleft | The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.
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| synaptic terminal | A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are stored and released.
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| synaptic vesicles | Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept.
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| synthesis | To put together.
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| systematics | Analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of present and past organisms.
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| systemic acquired resistance (SAR) | A defensive response in infected plants that helps protect healthy tissue from pathogenic invasion.
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| T cell receptor | Antigen receptors on a T cell. Unlike antibodies, T cell receptors are never produced in a secreted form.
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| T lymphocytes (T cells) | Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses.
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| TATA box | A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.
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| taxis | Automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimuli.
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| taxonomy | A classification of organisms into groups based on similarities.
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| Tay-Sachs disease | A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth.
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| telomerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
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| telomeres | Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
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| temperate phage | A phage that is capable of reproducing by either the lytic or lysogenic cycle.
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| template strand | The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript.
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| temporal isolation | When two species breed at different times of day, season, or years.
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| tendons | Attach muscles to bones.
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| terminator | In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene.
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| territoriality | Defense of a space against encroachment by other individuals.
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| tertiary consumer | Carnivore that eats carnivores.
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| tertiary structure | Results from interactions between side chains.
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| testcross | The result of breeding a recessive homozygote with an organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype.
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| tetrad | A pair of chromosomes form tetrads made up of four chromatids.
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| thalamus | Major input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum.
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| The Law of Segregation | Two alleles separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes because they are on on homologous chromosomes.
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| the three-domain system | Domains Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.
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| therapeutic cloning | The cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes, such as the generation of embryonic stem cells to treat disease.
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| thermal energy | Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms.
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| thermophiles | Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as volcanic springs.
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| thermoregulation | Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.
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| thoracic cavity | cavity housing lungs and heart
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| threatened species | Species that is likely to become endangered.
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| threshold potential | The minimum membrane potential that must be reached in order for an action potential to be generated.
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| thylakoid | Flattened membranes in the chloroplast where the light reactions take place.
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| thylakoids | Membranous structures within a chloroplast that serve as the site for light harvesting in photosynthesis.
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| thymus | Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature.
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| tissues | Groups of cells with a common structure and function.
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| tonicity | The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends partly on concentration of nonpenetrating solutes relative to inside of cell.
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| top-down model I | nfluence moves from top trophic levels to bottom.
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| topoisomerase | Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.
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| torpor | Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.
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| totipotent | Cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body.
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| totipotent | Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.
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| trait | Each variant of a character.
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