Neuro
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| segmental dysfxn | focal lesion of dorsal or ventral root or entire spinal nerve
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| anterior cord syndrome | spinal cord stroke of anterior spinal artery; paralysis, analgesia, & loss of temperature discriminative sensation; DCML intact; sxs bilateral at segment & below; damage to descending motor tracts & the somas of LMN"s; impaired motor control
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| vertical tract function | loss of fxn below the level of the lesion
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| lateral corticospinal tract dysfxn | Babinski's sign is present
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| syringomyelia | swelling of the central canal of the spinal cord; loss of pain & temp discrimination at level; almost always occurs in c-spine; greater UE>LE involvement.
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| Brown-Sequard syndrome | a hemisection of the spinal cord; ipsilateral segmental losses, ipsilateral loss of voluntary motor control, conscious proprioception, & discriminative touch below the level of the lesion, & contralateral loss of pain & temperature discrimination.
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| cauda equina syndrome | lower motor neuron lesion; musc weakness, decr'd muscle tone, decr'd reflexes, loss of pain sensation, & sensory impairment of bilateral or unilateral lower limbs & altered bowel & bladder control; compression &/or irritation of nerve roots below L2.
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| tethered cord syndrome | stretch injury damages the spinal cord &/or the cauda equina; consequences: lbp, lower limb pain, diff walking, probs w/ bowel & bladder control, & ft deformities.
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| LMN damage | damage at s2-s4; sympathetic relaxation of bladder wall remains (t11-L2); parasympathetic & voluntary control are lost; bladder is flaccid; overdistended bladder & urine will dribble out.
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| UMN damage | injury above S2; descending control (voluntary control) over voiding & PS influence are lost; bladder is hypertonic/spastic; spontaneous contractions at low volume; reduced bladder capacity
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| spinal shock | due to interruption of descending inputs that provide tonic facilitation of spinal interneurons; suspends all non-essential functions & focuses on healing itself through edema, inflamm, etc...; cord fxns below lesion are depressed or lost; minutes to mos
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| autonomic dysfxn | loss of descending sympathetic control due to lesions at T6 or above
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| autonomic dysreflexia | excessive activity of the sympathetic system following injury above T6 caused by a non-noxious stimulus; characterized by incr'd bp, HA, & sweating above lesion; no ability to use descending parasympathetic control to stop
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| poor thermoregulation | no descending sympathetic innervation from hypothalamus below the lesion; no sweating below the lesion; excessive sweating above the lesion to compensate
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| poikilothermia | internal body temperature begins to mimic the external environment
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| orthostatic hypotension | no descending sympathetic response to raise BP by incr HR, & output foce, vasconstriction, no muscle pumps in LE to red effects of gravity, betc...; will lessen over time w/ development of spinal postural reflexes as sc reorganizes;
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| injury between c4 & T6 | breathing near normal; autonomic dysreflexia, orthostatic hypotension, poor thermoregulation; lack voluntary bladder & bowel control
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| injury between S2-S4 | lack of reflexive b& b control & pelvic organ control
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| NOGO | neurotransmitter that blocks growth & development of oligodendrocytes
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