Bio Vocab
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| Genetics | The science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.
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| Heredity | The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring.
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| Trait | A genetically determined characteristic.
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| Pollination | The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures (the anthers) to the tip of a female reproductive structure (the pistil) of a flower in angiosperms or to the ovule in gymnosperms.
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| Self-Pollination | The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another flower on the same plant.
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| Cross-Pollination | A reproductive process in which pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant.
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| True-Breeding | Describes organisms or genotypes that are homozygous for a specific trait and thus always produce offspring that have the same phenotype for that trait.
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| P generation, parental generation | The first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross.
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| F1 generation | The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms.
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| F2 generation | The second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation.
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| Dominant | Describes the allele that is fully expressed when carried by only one pair of homologous chromosomes.
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| Recessive | Describes a trait or an allele that is expressed only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited.
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| Law of Segregation | Mende's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete.
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| Law of Independent Assortment | The law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis.
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| Molecular Genetics | The study of the structure of nucleic acids and the function and regulation of genes.
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| Allele | One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color.
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| Genotype | The entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits.
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| Phenotype | An organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism's genotype and the environment.
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| Homozygous | Describes an individual that has identical alleles for a trait on both homologous chromosomes.
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| Heterozygous | Describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait.
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| Probability | The likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event; the mathematical ratio of the number of times one outcome of any event is likely to occur to the number of possible outcomes of the event.
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| Monohybrid Cross | A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits.
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| Punnett Square | A graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross.
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| Genotypic Ratio | The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring.
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| Phenotypic Ratio | The ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross.
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| Testcross | The crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype.
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| Complete Dominance | A relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another.
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| Incomplete Dominance | A condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully.
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| Codominance | A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed.
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| Dihybrid Cross | A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene.
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