Final Exam
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| Constellations | groups if stars named by ancient cultures to honor gods, animals, legends, etc.
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| How many constellations are in whole sky? | 88
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| The stars appear to rotate around _____. | Polaris
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| What causes the stars in the night sky to rotate? | The rotation of the Earth.
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| What do you call stars and constellations that never set? | circumpolar (the rotate around the pole. Circumpolar stars rotate around Polaris in the Northern Hemisphere.
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| How do the stars move at the North and South pole? | horizontally
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| How do that stars move at the equator? | Vertically.
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| How do stars move at mid-latitudes? | Diagonally,on an arc across the sky.
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| Will the sun appear to move with respect to the constellations? | Not in a day, but it will appear to have moved over the course of months or a year.
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| What are the 12 constellations the sun moves through in a year called? What is this path called? | The zodiac. Ecliptic.
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| Precession | Why your sign is wrong. Rotation of the Earth's axis itself; makes one complete circle in about 26,000 years.
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| Sidereal year | Time for Earth to orbit once around the Sun, relative to fixed stars. It follows constellations.
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| Tropical year | Time it takes for the Earth to be in the same configuration with respect to the Sun again (as opposed to distant stars). It follows seasons.
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| What will happen to the "summer triangle" in 13,000 years? | It will be a winter constellation
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| Asterism | Pattern of stars seen in Earth's sky which is not an official constellation.
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| Alpha Orionis | Second brightest star in Orion
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| Messier Catalog | An early listing of nebulae, star clusters, and deep sky objects that might have been confused with comets by users of small telescopes
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| Why don't many professional astronomers know the constellations? | Because big telescopes can only look at small portions of the sky.
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| The pattern of rotation that stars make in the sky depends on your _____. | Position.
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| What causes night and day? | The earth's rotation on its axis.
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| Solar day | Average time between consecutive "noontimes"
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| What defines a year? | The revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
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| Ecliptic | Path the Earth's motion around the Sun traces on the Celestial Sphere
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| T/F The sun is lower in the sky in the winter. | True
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| Equinoxes | Sun crosses the celestial equator (twice-- Spring & Fall)
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| Solstices | Sun's farthest northernly or southernly position. (summer or winter)
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| Ecliptic | Path that the sun follows in the sky. 23.5 degrees to the celestial equator
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| Northernmost point above the celestial equator | Summer solace
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| Southernmost point below the celestial equator | Winter solace
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| Points where paths cross celestial equator | Vernal & autumnal equinoxes
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| Time from one vernal equinox to the next | Tropical year
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| Season | combination of day length and sunlight angle
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| Moon's revolution around the earth causes: | Lunar phases, eclipses, tides
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| Synodic month | moon takes about 29.5 days to go through whole cycle of phases
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| Phases are due to | different amounts of sunlit portion being wisible from Earth
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| Lunar Eclipse | moon disapears
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| Solar Eclipse | sun disappears
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| Lunar eclipses occur when | the moon enters the shadow of the earth
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| Umbra | all sunlight blocked
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| penumbra | only some sunlight blocked
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| total eclipse | all of moon in umbra
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| partial eclipse | only part of moon in umbra
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| penumbral eclipse | moon only in penumbra
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| Solar eclipses occur when | the Earth enters the shadow of the moon (moon blocks the sun"
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| Annular eclipse | moon doesnt cover the whole sun
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| Why arent eclipses more frequent? | The moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted so the Earth's orbits and the Moon's orbits are not in the same plane.
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| # solar eclipses per year | at least 2, no more than 5
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| #Lunar eclipses per year | maximum is 3
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| # combined eclipses per year | maximum is 7
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| maximum duration of Solar eclipse | 7 1/2 minutes
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| maximum duration of lunar eclipse | 1 hour 47 minutes
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| Spring tide | when tides from the sun and moon combine
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| Neap tide | when the tides from the Sun and Moon counteract eachother
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| How many high tides are there per day? | 2
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| Lunar phases during which tides are particularly strong | New Moon & Full Moon
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| Region between Mars and Jupiter | Asteroid belt
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| Asteroids | large chunks of rock and metal left over from the formation of the solar system
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| Meteroids | small asteroids. most are less than 1mm in diameter
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| Meteors | flash you see when a meteoroid hits the Earth's atmosphere and gets burned up.
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| Meteorites | pieces of meteoroids that make it thought the Earth's atmosphere without burning up
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| Comets | Dirty snowballs. Ice and rock mixed together
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| 2 comet tails | Ion tail & dust tail. Point away from the sun.
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| 2 primary reservoirs of comets | Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud
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| Kuiper Belt | Flattened disk of solar system remnants out past Pluto.
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| Oort Cloud | Spherical distribution of material even darther
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| The “Terrestrial Planets” include | Earth, Mercury, Mars, Venus
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| Astronomers like to describe distances between planets in terms of | AU
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| Planet that spins backwards | Venus
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| Mercury and Venus exhibit ________________, much like our Moon. | Craters
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| Mercury has extreme temperature differences from night to day, but is still _________than Venus, despite being closer to the Sun. | Cooler
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| A day on Mercury takes ______ years, while undergoing _________ rotations. | 2 years 3 rotations
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| Venus is so hot because of its very strong _______________ effect. | Greenhouse
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| Oddly, the Earth’s _______________ north is not quite at the same place as the North Pole. | Magnetic North
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| The Earth’s ___________________ protects us from the Solar Wind. | Magnetosphere
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| Some particles get trapped in the _________________ Belts. | Van Allen
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| When these overflow, we see _______________. | an Aurora
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| Craters on the Moon are made by the same sort of ________________ impacts that we find on Earth. | Meteor
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| Largest volcano in the Solar System. | Olympus Mons
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| While the Sun has no surface, the outer layer that we see is called the | Photosphere
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| Chromosphere | layer just above the photosphere. Sort of the “lower atmosphere”
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| Corona | above the chromosphere. Sort of a hot upper atmosphere
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| Sunspots | Dark blotches ont he surface of the sun
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| Sunspots are linked by | Pairs of magnetic field lines
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| What causes kinks? | the rotation of the sun drags magnetic field lines around with it
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| Number of sunspots | varies with time. 11 year cycle
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| What happens when the sun's magnetic field prevents hot, ionized material from rising? | Dark sunspots result
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| When does the Sun's northern magnetic pole become the southern magnetic pole? | after 11 years
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| Solar Flares | eruptions in the Sun's atmosphere that cause energetic particles to escape from the sun
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| Coronal mass ejection | emits charged particles that can affect the Earth
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| How do stars shine? | nuclear fusion
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| Nuclear fusion | the extra mass is converted to energy according the Einsteins famous formula, E=mc2
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| Hydrostatic Equilibrium | Fusion keeps stars from collapsing under their own weight. Pressure from the outflowing hot gas balances the pressure of gravity
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| Stellar evolution | big bang
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| A stars brightness is effected by | its distance from the Earth
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| Inverse square Law | Move 2x as far from a light and it gets 4x dimmer
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| Temperature of stars | Color of a star is indicative of its temperature. Red- cool Blue- Hot
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| Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram | any plot of brightness vs. color or temperature is and HR diagram
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| Percent of stars on "main sequence" | 90%
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| Percent of stars are red giants | 9%
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| Percent of stars are white dwarfs | 1%
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| Main sequence stars are also called | dwarfs
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| Red Giants | much bigger than the sun, coolest
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| Supergiants | bigger and brighter then the average giants
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| White Dwarfs | Much smaller than the sun, very hot but not very bright, remnants of dead or dying stars
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| supernova | star blown into smithereens
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| nebula | supernova remnant
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| Pulsars | type of neutron star emitting regular pulses of light
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| What happens when compressed gas from stars collides? | New stars form
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| Galactic Cannicalism | when two unequal size galaxies collide and merge
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| Quasars | Active galaxies
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| Most big galaxies have supermassive _______ in their centers | black holes
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| During a merger, what happens when fuel is fed into a black hole? | A hot disk of material that spirals into the black hole. the disk shines brighter than the galaxy itself
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| Energy source of a Quasar | black hole surrounded by an accretion disk
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| When did the universe begin? | about 13.7 billion years ago
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| Cosmology | study of the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe
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| Universe | all matter, energy, and spacetime
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| Homogeneity | Matter is uniformly spread throughout space
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| Isotrophy | Universe looks the same in every direction
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| cosmological principle | any observer in any part of the universe sees the same general features
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| Olber's Paradox | If the universe is homogeneous, isotropic, infinite, and unchanging, the entire sky should be as bright as the surface of the Sun
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| Why is it dark at night? | The universe is homogeneous and isotropic, it must not be infinite or unchanging
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| Hubble Flow | The universe is not unchanging, it is expanding
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| Doppler effect | motion through space-time
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