From ANCC Review
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| Epidemiology is | the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems
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| Uses of epidemiology | identifying the cause of disease (ex. legionnaire's)
completing the clinical picture of disease (tuskegee experiment)
determining effectiveness of therapeutic & preventive measures (mammograms, clinical trial)
identifying new syndromes (hep varieties)
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| Epidemiology can also be used to | monitor the health of a community, region or nation (surveillance)
identify risks in terms of probability statements (DES children)
studying trends over time to make predictions for future (smoking/lung cancer)
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| according to the ANCC, the difference between an endemic and an epidemic is | endemic has a few number of cases of the disease while as time goes on, more people have the disease and it becomes an epidemic
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| statistics are | a branch of applied mathematics which utilizes procedures for condensing, describing, analyzing and interpreting sets of information
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| biostatistics are | a subset of statistics used to handle health relevant information
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| 2 types of statistics | descriptive and inferential
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| descriptive statistics | methods of producing quantitative summaries of information
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| descriptive statistics measures | central tendency
dispersion
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| inferential statistics are | methods of making generalizations about a larger group based on information about a subset (sample) of that group
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| 4 classifications of data | qualitative or quantitative
discrete or continuous
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| Qualitative is | non-numerical or categorical (gender, ethnicity)
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| Quantitative is | numeric
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| Discrete is | having a fixed number of values (marital status, blood type, etc)
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| Continuous is | having an infinite number of values (height, weight, temp)
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| 2 types of qualitative data | norminal and ordinal
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| nominal qualitative data | data which falls into mutually exclusive categories (discrete) for which there is no natural order
ex) race/ethnicity, gender, marital status, yes no
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| ordinal qualitative data | data which falls into mutually exclusive categories (discrete) which have rank or graded order
ex) grades, SES, stage of disease, low medium high
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| Quantitative data has this type | interval
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| interval quantitative data is | data which are measured by standard units.
The scale measures not only that one data point is different than another, but by how much.
Ex) # of days since onset (discrete)
temp in F or C (continuous)
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| mean is | the average
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| median is | the middle number - if odd data, have one number
if even add two middles together and divide by two
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| mode is | the most frequently occurring number
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| range | the difference between the lowest number and the highest number
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| variance is | the averages of the squared differences from the mean
(number - mean)squared / total numbers
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| standard deviation is | the square root of the variance
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| frequency distribution | how often certain data points occur
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| histograms | a graphical representation of data, the kind of chart I was trying to create in excel but couldn't
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| variance and standard deviation measure | the dispersion or scatter of the values about the mean
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| if the numbers are near the mean then | variance is small
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| if the numbers are far from the mean | variance is large
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| in a symmetrical distribution | mean median and mode are all in the center
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| in a skewed distribution | the mean, median and mode are spread more
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| descriptive statistics are | used as a first step to look at health related outcomes
examine numbers of cases to identify an increase (epidemic)
examine patters of cases to see who gets sick (demographic variables) and where and when they get sick (space/time variables)
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| epidemiological study design | experimental/observational
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| If there is a comparison group in an epidemiological study that would be | case cohort or cohort
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| if no comparison group in an epidemiological study | correlational
case series
case reports
cross sectional
migrant studies
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| experimental epidemioloic studies include | RCTs, Community Trials, Lab Trials
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| Cross Sectional Design is | general design - define a population and determine presence or absence of exposure and presence or absence of disease for each individual
each subject can be categorized into one of four possible subgroups.
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| Possible subgroups in cross sectional design | exposed with or without disease
not exposed with or without disease
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| Using a cross sectional design to compare disease | can compare prevalence of disease and exposure - percentage of people with disease or with exposure
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| To determine association | compare prevalence
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| To measure association | utilize odds ratio
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| The odds ratio is | odds of exposure among cases/ odds of exposure among controls
exposed with disease x not exposed no disease/not exposed with disease x exposed no disease
ex) 4x times more likely to have disease if smoke
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| confounders are | third variables that are associated with both the exposure and the disease
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| confounders can | distort the true association between the disease and exposure.
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