Comparative Biology Study Guide
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Chordata
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| show | Bilateral
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| Chordates have an _________ axis, meaning they have a head and tail end. | show 🗑
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| show | They have both a head and tail end
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| Do species belonging to phylum Chordata have a coelom? | show 🗑
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| show | Tube within a tube
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| show | Cephalization
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| The pre-neural tube that consists of flexible rod-like cells in a sheath is the ________. | show 🗑
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| The notochord extends the length of the _____. | show 🗑
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| The notochord acts like an _____ for the skeleton. | show 🗑
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| show | Notochord
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| The ________ is the first part of the endoskeleton in an embryo. | show 🗑
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| show | Vertebrae
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| show | Cartilage
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| show | Spinal
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| All chordates have _____ _____ cords. | show 🗑
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| The anterior of the dorsal nerve cord becomes the ______. | show 🗑
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| All chordates have ______ pouches and slits. | show 🗑
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| What happens to the pharyngeal pouches in humans during development? | show 🗑
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| _____ _______ is the process of feeding by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure (pharyngeal pouches). | show 🗑
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| A ___-_____ tail is an extension of the body that runs past the anal opening. In some species, like humans, this feature is only present during the embryonic stage. | show 🗑
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| What are the uses of the post-anal tail? | show 🗑
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| What does the post-anal tail become in humans? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Bilateral symmetry
2. Anteroposterior axis
3. Coelom
4. Tube within tube body structure
5. Metamerism
6. Cephalization
7. Notochord
8. Dorsal nerve cord
9. Pharyngeal pouches
10. Post-anal tail
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| What is the largest and most diverse subphylum? | show 🗑
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| show | Brain, cranial
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| show | Endoskeletons
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| Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have muscles arranged in layers called ________s. | show 🗑
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| show | Vetebrata
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| show | 2 to 4
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| Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have an _______ manifesting in a layer of skin or cells. | show 🗑
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| show | Vertebrata
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| The alternate name for the subphylum Vertebrata is | show 🗑
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| Jawless fishes belong to the phylum _______ and the superclass _______. | show 🗑
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| The superclass Agnatha contains ______ _______s. | show 🗑
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| show | Ossification
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| show | 1. Jaws
2. True bones
3. Scales/paired fins
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| Species belonging to the superclass Agnatha have skeletons composed primarily of ________. | show 🗑
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| show | Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Agnatha, Class: Cephalaspidomorphi, Family: Petromyzontidae
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| show | Chordata
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| show | Agnatha
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| Lampreys belong to class _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Petromyzontidae
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| Lampreys exist solely in the _______ hemisphere. | show 🗑
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| How many species of lamprey exist in North America? | show 🗑
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| Approximately half of all lampreys are _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Eel
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| Do lampreys have scales? | show 🗑
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| How many fins do lampreys typically have? | show 🗑
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| show | Appendages
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| Lampreys have rudimentary true ________. | show 🗑
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| The skeleton of lampreys are made up of ______s and ______. | show 🗑
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| Do lampreys have eyes? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Esophagus
2. Intestine with typhlosole
3. Cloaca
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| A ______ is an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall that helps lampreys absorb more nutrients. | show 🗑
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| show | Buccal funnel
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| show | Osmotically regulated
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| In lamprey, blood is osmotically regulated with _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Atrium, ventricle
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| _____ _____s are a series of paired vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. | show 🗑
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| show | Aortic
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| Lampreys have ___ pairs of gills with gill openings. | show 🗑
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| show | Water usually goes in through the mouth and out the gills
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| show | Anadromous
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| Adult lampreys spawn in ______/______. | show 🗑
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| Some lamprey species are becoming "land-locked" and staying in freshwater. Why is this and why is it a problem? | show 🗑
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| Describe the reproductive cycle of the lamprey. | show 🗑
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| show | Two weeks
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| Lamprey larvae are known as _________s. | show 🗑
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| show | The Great Lakes
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| When did lamprey "landlocking" become an issue? | show 🗑
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| show | 40s and 50s
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| The lamprey's mode of feeding increases ________. | show 🗑
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| show | They attach and feed on the fish until they are satiated or until the fish dies
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| What are the four modes of lamprey control used? | show 🗑
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| Sharks belong to what phylum? | show 🗑
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| Sharks belong to what superclass? | show 🗑
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| show | Chondrichthyes
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| show | Sharks, skates, rays
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| show | Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Gnathostomata, Class: Condrichthyes
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| All jawed vertebrates belong to the superclass ________. | show 🗑
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| The whale shark feeds on ______. | show 🗑
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| The whale shark feeds on how much food per hour? | show 🗑
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| Species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) have a _______ skeleton. | show 🗑
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| Most species belonging to the class Condrichthyes live in (freshwater/marine) environments. | show 🗑
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| Due to their _______ shape, species belonging to the class Condrichthyes can cut easily through the water. | show 🗑
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| ________ means having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends. This structure applies to species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (specifically sharks) and allows them to be aerodynamic. | show 🗑
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| show | Their weight (they are very heavy)
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| show |
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| Sharks have ____less eyes. | show 🗑
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| show | Placoid
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| show | Dentine
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| show | Enamel, blood
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| Sharks have no true anus; rather, they have a _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Ampullae of Lorenzini
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| show | Electroreceptors
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| The electroreceptors found on the head of the shark, the ampullae of Lorenzini, track ______ fields. | show 🗑
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| show | Up close
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| show | Grey, no color
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| Sharks have a large ______ system that allows them to detect prey as far as 1 kilometer away. | show 🗑
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| Sharks have a large olfactory system that allows them to detect prey as far as __ kilometer(s) away. | show 🗑
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| The _____ ____ system is a system of sense organs found in aquatic vertebrates, mainly fish, used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. It is used by sharks to detect prey. | show 🗑
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| show | Neuromast
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| Sharks have a two-chambered heart, with an ______ and a ______. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Intestine (w/secretions from pancreas & liver)
6. Intestine (short & straight w/ spiral valve)
7. Rectum
* Cloaca
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| What keeps a shark afloat? | show 🗑
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| Where is squalene oil produced? | show 🗑
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| show | Opisthonephric
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| show | Urea
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| In a shark, the rectal gland works with kidney and secretes _____ solution & regulates _____. | show 🗑
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| How many chambers does a shark's heart have? | show 🗑
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| In a shark, the ______ gland works with kidneys and secretes NaCl solution and regulates ions. | show 🗑
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| show | Lots of saltwater enters the bloodstream via the mouth and passes over the gills. It needs to be regulated.
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| show | 1. Buccal pumping
2. Ram ventilation
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| show | Buccal pumping
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| show | Buccal pumping
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| Some sharks might also have a more enlarged _____, which is a tube behind the eyes. When a shark is buried at the bottom of the ocean floor and can't breathe through its mouth, the _______ acts like a mouth by pulling in water. | show 🗑
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| As sharks evolved and became more active, buccal pumping became secondary. It was simply more energy efficient to take in water while swimming, in effect "ramming" the water into the mouth and letting it flow out through the gills slits. This is known as: | show 🗑
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| In fish which have a reduced or no ability to pump water buccally, such as sharks, perpetual ________ is required to maintain ram ventilation. | show 🗑
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| ______ ________: The production of respiratory flow in some sharks in which the mouth is opened during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills. | show 🗑
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| In ram ventilation, sharks force water over the gills via the _____ and _____ by constantly swimming. | show 🗑
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| show | Cloaca
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| show | Internal
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| show | Claspers
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| Although sharks have two claspers, they only use ___ at a time. | show 🗑
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| Some claspers have ____s and _____s that dig into the oviduct & anchor down. | show 🗑
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| Some claspers have hooks and spurs that dig into the _____ & anchor down. | show 🗑
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| show | Spermatophores
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| show | Grooves
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| In sharks, the _______ gland is well developed in mature females, much larger than the oviduct, and functions to secrete the egg membrane. | show 🗑
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| In sharks, the shell gland is well developed in mature females, much larger than the oviduct, and functions to secrete the egg ______. | show 🗑
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| True or false: All sharks share the same egg size and gestation length. | show 🗑
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| show | Most of life
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| Sharks sometimes congregate to reproduce, forming ______ circles. | show 🗑
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| Sharks sometimes _________ to reproduce, forming mating circles. | show 🗑
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| show | Female
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| Why do female sharks have thicker skin than male sharks? | show 🗑
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| In sharks, the (left/right) ovary is more developed. | show 🗑
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| Claspers are rolls of _______ stiffened with calcium. | show 🗑
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| Claspers are rolls of cartilage stiffened with ________. | show 🗑
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| show | Oviparous
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| show | Viviparous
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| show | Ovoviviparous
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| show | Oophagy
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| When young sharks eat other young, it is known as _______ ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Intrauterine cannibalism
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| show | Via the yolk sac
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| How are the young of a viviparous species nourished? | show 🗑
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| show | Via yolk sac, oophagy, intrauterine cannibalism
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| show | Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Actinopterygii,
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| Name the class containing bony fish. | show 🗑
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| show | Ichthyology
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| Ray-finned fish have a huge habitat ________. | show 🗑
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| show | Endochondral ossification
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| Ray-finned fish have an endochondral skeleton, meaning that is it composed of ______ rather than cartilage. | show 🗑
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| What are the four main external characteristics of ray-finned fish? | show 🗑
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| Ray-finned fish have _______ tails. | show 🗑
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| show | Cycloid
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| show | Paired
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| Ray-finned fish have jaws with ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Jaws
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| show | False
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| Cycloid scales are _____ and _____. | show 🗑
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| show | Flexible
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| The paired fins of the ray-finned fish are supported with long _______ rays for control. | show 🗑
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| show | Swim bladder
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| What happens when a fish compresses air from its swim bladder? | show 🗑
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| show | The fish rises
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| show | Sharks- squalene oil
Fish- Swim bladder
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| Fish with _________ swim bladders take gas into their bladders using their mouths: they rise to the surface and swallow air. | show 🗑
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| show | Physoclistous
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| show | Physostomous
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| show | Too much water; not enough salt.
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| ______ ________ is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. | show 🗑
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| show | Hyperosmotic regulation
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| Freshwater fish excrete excess water via an ________ kidney. | show 🗑
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| show | Dilute
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| What are the two ways that freshwater fish acquire salt? | show 🗑
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| Marine fishes lose ______ and take in too much _____. | show 🗑
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| show | Hypoosmotic
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| Very little _______ is formed in the kidneys of marine fish. As a result, they produce _____ urine. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Through salt-secretory cells in their gills
2. Through their feces
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| The gills of species belonging to the class Actinopterygii consist of many folds with platelike _______. | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of the lamellae? | show 🗑
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| show | Operculum
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| show | Water moves through mouth, over gills, and out operculum
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| show | When blood flows opposite direction from water over gills.
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| At most, fish can extract __% of the dissolved oxygen from water passing over their gills. | show 🗑
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| show | Faster
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| Slower fish tend to be more ______. | show 🗑
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| show | 41
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| show | 68
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| Species belonging to the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) use ____ ventilation. | show 🗑
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| show | They use RAM ventilation and must keep moving constantly
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| Some fish have a special adaptation allowing them to _____ ___ for a certain amount of time. | show 🗑
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| Do fish have brains? | show 🗑
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| What two systems do fish use to pick up vibrations? | show 🗑
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| Fish have ______ receptors in their mouth. | show 🗑
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| Do fish have good vision? | show 🗑
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| show | Spherical lens
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| show | Larger
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| How do fish smell? | show 🗑
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| show | Two
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| show | Atrium and ventricle
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| show | 1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Intestine
5. Anus
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| This organ, found in ray-finned fish (and no other vertebrates), is not entirely understood, but it is known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion, may function to absorb digested food, or do both. | show 🗑
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| show | Pyloric caeca
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| In fish, the pyloric caeca creates enzymes for ___ digestion & absorption & dumps into _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Long
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| show | Stomach
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| The intestine is (long/short) in carnivorous fish. | show 🗑
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| Most fish are (carnivores/herbivores). | show 🗑
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| What two things do carnivorous fish eat? | show 🗑
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| Fish cannot chew well. They grind their food using teeth located in their ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Negative
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| Herbivorous fish eat ______s and _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Herbivorous
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| _______ _______s are fish that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water. | show 🗑
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| Most suspension feeding fish are (benthic/pelagic) | show 🗑
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| Suspension feeding fish use ____ ______s to filter food. | show 🗑
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| ________ feeding fish are the most abundant types of fish. | show 🗑
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| ________ fish eat both plants and animals. | show 🗑
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| show | Detritus
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| _________s eat detritus, which is broken down plant and animal remnants. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Suspension feeding
2. Scavenging
3. Parasitic
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| show | Diecious
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| show | Oviparous
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| show | External
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| Males and female fish come together in schools and perform _____ ______s. | show 🗑
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| show | Sperm
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| show | Egg placement
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| In pelagic fish, eggs are ______. | show 🗑
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| In benthic fish, eggs are ______y and ________. | show 🗑
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| In ______ fish, eggs are buoyant. | show 🗑
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| show | Benthic
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| Which lays larger eggs: Marine or freshwater fish? | show 🗑
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| show | Buoyant, parental
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| show | Yolk sac
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| show | Mouth, digestive tract
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| In developing, fish undergo _____________. | show 🗑
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| At what point do fish stop developing? | show 🗑
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| Very large fish exist at the ________. | show 🗑
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| Eels are ___________, meaning they go from freshwater to marine water to reproduce. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Live in rivers in Europe/North America
2. Swim 1-2 months until they reach the Sargasso Sea
3. Reproduce deep on the ocean floor, reproduce, and die
4. Larvae drift back to Europe/North America
5. Reach mid-atlantic in 2 years
6. Reach coast in 3
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| show | Swim bladder fills with air
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| show |
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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