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The phylum that we are studying for the rest of the semester is _______.
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Chordates have _______ symmetry.
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Bio Test 2

Comparative Biology Study Guide

QuestionAnswer
The phylum that we are studying for the rest of the semester is _______. Chordata
Chordates have _______ symmetry. Bilateral
Chordates have an _________ axis, meaning they have a head and tail end. Anteroposterior
Chordates have an anteroposterior axis. What does this mean? They have both a head and tail end
Do species belonging to phylum Chordata have a coelom? Yes
The body plan of Chordates is a "_____ within a _____." Tube within a tube
________, or the formation of a true head end, occurs in Chordates. Cephalization
The pre-neural tube that consists of flexible rod-like cells in a sheath is the ________. Notochord
The notochord extends the length of the _____. Body
The notochord acts like an _____ for the skeleton. Axis
The _______ acts like an axis for the skeleton. Notochord
The ________ is the first part of the endoskeleton in an embryo. Notochord
The notochord is displaced by ________. Vertebrae
Remnants of the notochord remain between or within vertebrae as _________. Cartilage
Dorsal nerve chords are present in humans as the ______ cord. Spinal
All chordates have _____ _____ cords. Dorsal nerve cords
The anterior of the dorsal nerve cord becomes the ______. Brain
All chordates have ______ pouches and slits. Pharyngeal
What happens to the pharyngeal pouches in humans during development? They fold in, become part of inner ear
_____ _______ is the process of feeding by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure (pharyngeal pouches). Filter feeding
A ___-_____ tail is an extension of the body that runs past the anal opening. In some species, like humans, this feature is only present during the embryonic stage. Post-anal
What are the uses of the post-anal tail? Water propulsion or wagging
What does the post-anal tail become in humans? Coccyx
What are the 10 characteristics shared by Chordata? 1. Bilateral symmetry 2. Anteroposterior axis 3. Coelom 4. Tube within tube body structure 5. Metamerism 6. Cephalization 7. Notochord 8. Dorsal nerve cord 9. Pharyngeal pouches 10. Post-anal tail
What is the largest and most diverse subphylum? Vertebrata
All chordates possess a _____ with _____ nerves. Brain, cranial
Species in the subphylum Vertebrata have (endoskeletons/exoskeletons) with muscle attachments for movement and growth. Endoskeletons
Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have muscles arranged in layers called ________s. Myomeres
Species belonging to the subphylum _________ have endocrine systems. Vetebrata
Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have _-_ heart chambers. 2 to 4
Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have an _______ manifesting in a layer of skin or cells. Epidermis
Species belonging to the subphylum ______ have kidneys/ Vertebrata
The alternate name for the subphylum Vertebrata is Craniata
Jawless fishes belong to the phylum _______ and the superclass _______. Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Agnatha
The superclass Agnatha contains ______ _______s. Jawless fishes
________ is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. Ossification
Species belonging to the superclass Agnatha lack what three things? 1. Jaws 2. True bones 3. Scales/paired fins
Species belonging to the superclass Agnatha have skeletons composed primarily of ________. Cartilage
Lampreys belong to phylum _______, superclass _______, class _______, and family _______. Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Agnatha, Class: Cephalaspidomorphi, Family: Petromyzontidae
Lampreys belong to phylum ______. Chordata
Lampreys belong to superclass ________. Agnatha
Lampreys belong to class _______. Cephalaspidomorphi
Lampreys belong to family _______. Petromyzontidae
Lampreys exist solely in the _______ hemisphere. Northern
How many species of lamprey exist in North America? 22
Approximately half of all lampreys are _______. Parasitic
Lampreys have ____ like bodies with no scales. Eel
Do lampreys have scales? No
How many fins do lampreys typically have? 1-2
Lampreys have no paired _________s. Appendages
Lampreys have rudimentary true ________. Vertebrae
The skeleton of lampreys are made up of ______s and ______. Fibers and cartilage
Do lampreys have eyes? Yes
What is the order of eating/digestion in lampreys? 1. Esophagus 2. Intestine with typhlosole 3. Cloaca
A ______ is an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall that helps lampreys absorb more nutrients. Typhlosole
The mouth area of the lamprey is known as the ____ _____ and allows for attachment to fish. Buccal funnel
In lamprey, blood is _____ ______ with water. Osmotically regulated
In lamprey, blood is osmotically regulated with _______. Water
Lamprey have a simple, single-loop circulatory system with two chambers: the _____ and the ______. Atrium, ventricle
_____ _____s are a series of paired vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. Aortic arches
Lampreys have _____ arches in their gills. Aortic
Lampreys have ___ pairs of gills with gill openings. 7
In lamprey, water moves in and out of their gill openings. Why is this unusual? Water usually goes in through the mouth and out the gills
Lampreys are _________, meaning that they migrate from marine into fresh water to breed. Anadromous
Adult lampreys spawn in ______/______. Winter/Spring
Some lamprey species are becoming "land-locked" and staying in freshwater. Why is this and why is it a problem? They are being blocked in my manmade structures and destroying fish populations.
Describe the reproductive cycle of the lamprey. 1. Males build nest 2. Females join later with male attaching to her head 3. Eggs fertilized externally 4. Eggs adhere to pebbles & covered by sand 5. Adults die 6. Eggs hatch 7. Larvae drift downstream to ocean
How long does it take for lamprey eggs to hatch? Two weeks
Lamprey larvae are known as _________s. Ammocoetes
Where is lamprey "landlocking" the biggest problem? The Great Lakes
When did lamprey "landlocking" become an issue? When locks/canals were built
Lamprey almost destroyed the fishing industries in what decades? 40s and 50s
The lamprey's mode of feeding increases ________. Dispersal
The lamprey's mode of feeding increases dispersal. How do they feed? They attach and feed on the fish until they are satiated or until the fish dies
What are the four modes of lamprey control used? 1. Larvacides, lampricides (TFM), bile acids 2. Trapping and releasing sterile males 3. Trapping 4. Dam and canal modifications
Sharks belong to what phylum? Chordata
Sharks belong to what superclass? Gnathostomata
Sharks belong to what class? Chondrichthyes
The class Condrichthyes contains _____s, _____s, and _____s. Sharks, skates, rays
Name the phylum, superclass, and class of sharks, skates, and rays. Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Gnathostomata, Class: Condrichthyes
All jawed vertebrates belong to the superclass ________. Gnathostomata
The whale shark feeds on ______. Plankton
The whale shark feeds on how much food per hour? 1 million liters
Species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) have a _______ skeleton. Cartilaginous
Most species belonging to the class Condrichthyes live in (freshwater/marine) environments. Marine
Due to their _______ shape, species belonging to the class Condrichthyes can cut easily through the water. Streamlined
________ means having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends. This structure applies to species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (specifically sharks) and allows them to be aerodynamic. Fusiform
Why can't species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (specifically sharks) maneuver easily in water? Their weight (they are very heavy)
Sharks have a _______ tail, which is a tail fin with unequal lobes in which the vertebral column turns upward into the larger lobe.
Sharks have ____less eyes. Lidless
Sharks are covered in ______ scales, which resemble tiny teeth lined up with each other and feel like sandpaper. Placoid
Placoid shark scales are made out of ______. Dentine
_____ and _____ supplies each individual placoid scale on a shark. Enamel, blood
Sharks have no true anus; rather, they have a _______. Cloaca
The _______ of ________ are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, mostly found on the head of the shark. Ampullae of Lorenzini
The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called __________, mostly found on the head of the shark. Electroreceptors
The electroreceptors found on the head of the shark, the ampullae of Lorenzini, track ______ fields. Bioelectric
Shark vision is good (up close/at a distance). Up close
Most sharks see in (color/grey) Grey, no color
Sharks have a large ______ system that allows them to detect prey as far as 1 kilometer away. Olfactory
Sharks have a large olfactory system that allows them to detect prey as far as __ kilometer(s) away. 1
The _____ ____ system is a system of sense organs found in aquatic vertebrates, mainly fish, used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. It is used by sharks to detect prey. Lateral line
The ________ is a mechanoreceptive organ which allows sharks to sense mechanical changes in water. Neuromast
Sharks have a two-chambered heart, with an ______ and a ______. Atrium, ventricle
Name the 7 parts of the shark's digestive tract in order. 1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Intestine (w/secretions from pancreas & liver) 6. Intestine (short & straight w/ spiral valve) 7. Rectum * Cloaca
What keeps a shark afloat? Squalene oil
Where is squalene oil produced? The liver
What kind of kidney does a shark have? Opisthonephric
The waste product of the shark's opisthonephric kidney is called _____. Urea
In a shark, the rectal gland works with kidney and secretes _____ solution & regulates _____. NaCl, ions
How many chambers does a shark's heart have? 2
In a shark, the ______ gland works with kidneys and secretes NaCl solution and regulates ions. Rectal
In a shark, the rectal gland works with kidneys and secretes NaCl solution and regulates ions. Why is this necessary? Lots of saltwater enters the bloodstream via the mouth and passes over the gills. It needs to be regulated.
Shark breathing happens in what two ways? 1. Buccal pumping 2. Ram ventilation
When a shark pumps water through its mouth and over its gills using its cheek muscles, this is known as ______ ______ing. Buccal pumping
What method of respiration do sharks use to continue getting oxygen while staying still? Buccal pumping
Some sharks might also have a more enlarged _____, which is a tube behind the eyes. When a shark is buried at the bottom of the ocean floor and can't breathe through its mouth, the _______ acts like a mouth by pulling in water. Spiracle
As sharks evolved and became more active, buccal pumping became secondary. It was simply more energy efficient to take in water while swimming, in effect "ramming" the water into the mouth and letting it flow out through the gills slits. This is known as: Ram ventilation
In fish which have a reduced or no ability to pump water buccally, such as sharks, perpetual ________ is required to maintain ram ventilation. Swimming
______ ________: The production of respiratory flow in some sharks in which the mouth is opened during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills. Ram ventilation
In ram ventilation, sharks force water over the gills via the _____ and _____ by constantly swimming. Mouth, nostril
In sharks, all urine is secreted out of the ______. Cloaca
In sharks, reproduction takes place through _______ fertilization. Internal
Sharks have ______s formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female's cloaca during mating. Claspers
Although sharks have two claspers, they only use ___ at a time. One
Some claspers have ____s and _____s that dig into the oviduct & anchor down. Hooks and spurs
Some claspers have hooks and spurs that dig into the _____ & anchor down. Oviduct
The sperm packets that male sharks produce are known as ________s. Spermatophores
Spermatophores follow _______s in clasper and fertilizes egg. Grooves
In sharks, the _______ gland is well developed in mature females, much larger than the oviduct, and functions to secrete the egg membrane. Shell
In sharks, the shell gland is well developed in mature females, much larger than the oviduct, and functions to secrete the egg ______. Membrane
True or false: All sharks share the same egg size and gestation length. False. Egg size and gestation length varies.
How long does it take sharks to reach sexual maturity? Most of life
Sharks sometimes congregate to reproduce, forming ______ circles. Mating
Sharks sometimes _________ to reproduce, forming mating circles. Congregate
Which has thicker skin: Male or female sharks? Female
Why do female sharks have thicker skin than male sharks? Because males bite onto the dorsal fins and do not let go during mating
In sharks, the (left/right) ovary is more developed. Right
Claspers are rolls of _______ stiffened with calcium. Cartilage
Claspers are rolls of cartilage stiffened with ________. Calcium
These lay eggs. Oviparous
These give live birth. Viviparous
Gestate an egg, the egg hatches, then they give birth to the live young. Ovoviviparous
"Egg eating" as it occurs in young sharks is known as _________. Oophagy
When young sharks eat other young, it is known as _______ ______. Intrauterine cannibalism
______ ________ is a behaviour in some carnivorous species, in which multiple embryos are created at impregnation, but only one or two are born. The larger or stronger ones consume their less-developed siblings as a source of nutrients. Intrauterine cannibalism
How are the young of an oviparous species nourished? Via the yolk sac
How are the young of a viviparous species nourished? Via placenta or uterine secretions
How are the young of an ovoviviparous species nourished? Via yolk sac, oophagy, intrauterine cannibalism
Name the kingdom, phylum, and class of the ray-finned fish. Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Actinopterygii,
Name the class containing bony fish. Actinopterygii
The study of fish is known as ________. Ichthyology
Ray-finned fish have a huge habitat ________. Diversity
_______ _________ is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Endochondral ossification
Ray-finned fish have an endochondral skeleton, meaning that is it composed of ______ rather than cartilage. Bone
What are the four main external characteristics of ray-finned fish? 1. Homocercal tail 2. Covered in cycloid/ctenoid scales 3. Paired fins 4. Jaws with teeth
Ray-finned fish have _______ tails. Homocercal
Ray-finned fish are covered in _____ scales. Cycloid
Ray-finned fish have _____ fins. Paired
Ray-finned fish have jaws with ______. Teeth
Ray-finned fish have ____s with teeth. Jaws
True or false: Cycloid scales have an individual blood supply to each scale. False
Cycloid scales are _____ and _____. Light and flexible
Compared to a shark's fins, the fins of the ray-finned fish are very ________. Flexible
The paired fins of the ray-finned fish are supported with long _______ rays for control. Dermal
The ____ _____ is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at the current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming. Swim bladder
What happens when a fish compresses air from its swim bladder? The fish sinks
What happens when a fish adds air to its swim bladder? The fish rises
How do sharks stay afloat? How do fish stay afloat? Sharks- squalene oil Fish- Swim bladder
Fish with _________ swim bladders take gas into their bladders using their mouths: they rise to the surface and swallow air. Physostomous
Fish with ________ swim bladders have to let gas in and out of the bladder using a very complex little patch of blood vessels that absorb or let go of gases from the blood. Physoclistous
Which type of swim bladder is associated with "primitive" fish? Physostomous
Freshwater fish bring in too much _____ and not enough _____. Too much water; not enough salt.
______ ________ is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. Osmotic regulation
Freshwater fish use ____________ regulators to keep from getting too much water and not enough salt. Hyperosmotic regulation
Freshwater fish excrete excess water via an ________ kidney. Opisthonephric kidney
Freshwater fish form very _____ urine. Dilute
What are the two ways that freshwater fish acquire salt? 1. Salt-absorbing glands in gill epithelium moves salt into blood 2. From food
Marine fishes lose ______ and take in too much _____. Lose water, take in too much salt.
Marine fish use _________ regulators to regulate the amount of salt in their blood. Hypoosmotic
Very little _______ is formed in the kidneys of marine fish. As a result, they produce _____ urine. Filtrate, dry
What two ways do marine fish secrete excess salt? 1. Through salt-secretory cells in their gills 2. Through their feces
The gills of species belonging to the class Actinopterygii consist of many folds with platelike _______. Lemella
What is the purpose of the lamellae? Increases surface area for gas exchange
The hard bony flap covering and protecting the gills is known as the ________. Operculum
Explain the process of respiration in species belonging to the class Actinopterygii. Water moves through mouth, over gills, and out operculum
What is a concurrent blood flow? When blood flows opposite direction from water over gills.
At most, fish can extract __% of the dissolved oxygen from water passing over their gills. 85
Larger fish swim (faster/slower) Faster
Slower fish tend to be more ______. Round
The Hooked Bluefin Tuna can swim up to _____ mph. 41
Some fish have increased bursts of speed up to ___ mph in one second. 68
Species belonging to the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) use ____ ventilation. RAM
Very large and active fish cannot be kept in an aquarium. Why is this? They use RAM ventilation and must keep moving constantly
Some fish have a special adaptation allowing them to _____ ___ for a certain amount of time. Breathe air
Do fish have brains? Yes
What two systems do fish use to pick up vibrations? 1. Lateral line system 2. Swim bladder
Fish have ______ receptors in their mouth. Taste
Do fish have good vision? Yes
What allows fish to see underwater? Spherical lens
In fish, their eye size becomes _______r as depth increases. Larger
How do fish smell? Particles in water pushed to olfactory rosette for smell
Fish have ___ heart chambers. Two
What are the chambers of the heart called in fish? Atrium and ventricle
Name the parts of the digestive system in species belonging to the class Actinopterygii. 1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Intestine 5. Anus
This organ, found in ray-finned fish (and no other vertebrates), is not entirely understood, but it is known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion, may function to absorb digested food, or do both. Pyloric caeca
In fish, the ______ _____ creates enzymes for fat digestion & absorption & dumps into intestine. Pyloric caeca
In fish, the pyloric caeca creates enzymes for ___ digestion & absorption & dumps into _______. Fat, intestine
The intestine is (long/short) in herbivorous fish. Long
In carnivorous fish, protein digestion begins in the ________. Stomach
The intestine is (long/short) in carnivorous fish. Short
Most fish are (carnivores/herbivores). Carnivores
What two things do carnivorous fish eat? 1. Larger zooplankton 2. Larger vertebrates
Fish cannot chew well. They grind their food using teeth located in their ______. Throats
Fish use ______ pressure for feeding; they simply open their mouth and let food flow in. Negative
Herbivorous fish eat ______s and _______. Plants and algae
___________ fish are few in number and play an important role in the food chain. Herbivorous
_______ _______s are fish that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water. Suspension feeders
Most suspension feeding fish are (benthic/pelagic) Pelagic
Suspension feeding fish use ____ ______s to filter food. Gill feeder
________ feeding fish are the most abundant types of fish. Suspension
________ fish eat both plants and animals. Omnivorous
Broken down plant and animal remnants are known as __________. Detritus
_________s eat detritus, which is broken down plant and animal remnants. Scavengers
What are the different varieties of feeding behaviors shown in fish? 1. Suspension feeding 2. Scavenging 3. Parasitic
Most species belonging to the class Actinopterygii are (monoecious/diecious) Diecious
In terms of reproduction, species belonging to the class Actinopterygii are _________. Oviparous
_______ fertilization occurs in species belonging to the class Actinopterygii. External
Males and female fish come together in schools and perform _____ ______s. Mating dances
In species belonging to class Actinopterygii, males secrete ______ to fertilize eggs. Sperm
In species belonging to class Actinopterygii, behavior in ____ ______ varies. Egg placement
In pelagic fish, eggs are ______. Buoyant
In benthic fish, eggs are ______y and ________. Yolky, adhesive
In ______ fish, eggs are buoyant. Pelagic
In _______ fish, eggs are yolky and adhesive. Benthic
Which lays larger eggs: Marine or freshwater fish? Freshwater
In freshwater fish, eggs may not be _______ and may not have _______ care. Buoyant, parental
Young fish develop and swim with ____ ____ until mouth and digestive tract develop. Yolk sac
Young fish develop and swim with the yolk sac until ______ and ______ ______ develop. Mouth, digestive tract
In developing, fish undergo _____________. Metamorphosis
At what point do fish stop developing? They don't; they grow for like
Very large fish exist at the ________. Equator
Eels are ___________, meaning they go from freshwater to marine water to reproduce. Catadromous
Name the 6 steps of eel reproduction. 1. Live in rivers in Europe/North America 2. Swim 1-2 months until they reach the Sargasso Sea 3. Reproduce deep on the ocean floor, reproduce, and die 4. Larvae drift back to Europe/North America 5. Reach mid-atlantic in 2 years 6. Reach coast in 3
Why do fishes eyes bulge when you catch them? Swim bladder fills with air
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