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The phylum that we are studying for the rest of the semester is _______.
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Chordates have _______ symmetry.
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Bio Test 2
Comparative Biology Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The phylum that we are studying for the rest of the semester is _______. | Chordata |
| Chordates have _______ symmetry. | Bilateral |
| Chordates have an _________ axis, meaning they have a head and tail end. | Anteroposterior |
| Chordates have an anteroposterior axis. What does this mean? | They have both a head and tail end |
| Do species belonging to phylum Chordata have a coelom? | Yes |
| The body plan of Chordates is a "_____ within a _____." | Tube within a tube |
| ________, or the formation of a true head end, occurs in Chordates. | Cephalization |
| The pre-neural tube that consists of flexible rod-like cells in a sheath is the ________. | Notochord |
| The notochord extends the length of the _____. | Body |
| The notochord acts like an _____ for the skeleton. | Axis |
| The _______ acts like an axis for the skeleton. | Notochord |
| The ________ is the first part of the endoskeleton in an embryo. | Notochord |
| The notochord is displaced by ________. | Vertebrae |
| Remnants of the notochord remain between or within vertebrae as _________. | Cartilage |
| Dorsal nerve chords are present in humans as the ______ cord. | Spinal |
| All chordates have _____ _____ cords. | Dorsal nerve cords |
| The anterior of the dorsal nerve cord becomes the ______. | Brain |
| All chordates have ______ pouches and slits. | Pharyngeal |
| What happens to the pharyngeal pouches in humans during development? | They fold in, become part of inner ear |
| _____ _______ is the process of feeding by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure (pharyngeal pouches). | Filter feeding |
| A ___-_____ tail is an extension of the body that runs past the anal opening. In some species, like humans, this feature is only present during the embryonic stage. | Post-anal |
| What are the uses of the post-anal tail? | Water propulsion or wagging |
| What does the post-anal tail become in humans? | Coccyx |
| What are the 10 characteristics shared by Chordata? | 1. Bilateral symmetry 2. Anteroposterior axis 3. Coelom 4. Tube within tube body structure 5. Metamerism 6. Cephalization 7. Notochord 8. Dorsal nerve cord 9. Pharyngeal pouches 10. Post-anal tail |
| What is the largest and most diverse subphylum? | Vertebrata |
| All chordates possess a _____ with _____ nerves. | Brain, cranial |
| Species in the subphylum Vertebrata have (endoskeletons/exoskeletons) with muscle attachments for movement and growth. | Endoskeletons |
| Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have muscles arranged in layers called ________s. | Myomeres |
| Species belonging to the subphylum _________ have endocrine systems. | Vetebrata |
| Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have _-_ heart chambers. | 2 to 4 |
| Species belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have an _______ manifesting in a layer of skin or cells. | Epidermis |
| Species belonging to the subphylum ______ have kidneys/ | Vertebrata |
| The alternate name for the subphylum Vertebrata is | Craniata |
| Jawless fishes belong to the phylum _______ and the superclass _______. | Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Agnatha |
| The superclass Agnatha contains ______ _______s. | Jawless fishes |
| ________ is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. | Ossification |
| Species belonging to the superclass Agnatha lack what three things? | 1. Jaws 2. True bones 3. Scales/paired fins |
| Species belonging to the superclass Agnatha have skeletons composed primarily of ________. | Cartilage |
| Lampreys belong to phylum _______, superclass _______, class _______, and family _______. | Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Agnatha, Class: Cephalaspidomorphi, Family: Petromyzontidae |
| Lampreys belong to phylum ______. | Chordata |
| Lampreys belong to superclass ________. | Agnatha |
| Lampreys belong to class _______. | Cephalaspidomorphi |
| Lampreys belong to family _______. | Petromyzontidae |
| Lampreys exist solely in the _______ hemisphere. | Northern |
| How many species of lamprey exist in North America? | 22 |
| Approximately half of all lampreys are _______. | Parasitic |
| Lampreys have ____ like bodies with no scales. | Eel |
| Do lampreys have scales? | No |
| How many fins do lampreys typically have? | 1-2 |
| Lampreys have no paired _________s. | Appendages |
| Lampreys have rudimentary true ________. | Vertebrae |
| The skeleton of lampreys are made up of ______s and ______. | Fibers and cartilage |
| Do lampreys have eyes? | Yes |
| What is the order of eating/digestion in lampreys? | 1. Esophagus 2. Intestine with typhlosole 3. Cloaca |
| A ______ is an internal fold of the intestine or intestine inner wall that helps lampreys absorb more nutrients. | Typhlosole |
| The mouth area of the lamprey is known as the ____ _____ and allows for attachment to fish. | Buccal funnel |
| In lamprey, blood is _____ ______ with water. | Osmotically regulated |
| In lamprey, blood is osmotically regulated with _______. | Water |
| Lamprey have a simple, single-loop circulatory system with two chambers: the _____ and the ______. | Atrium, ventricle |
| _____ _____s are a series of paired vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. | Aortic arches |
| Lampreys have _____ arches in their gills. | Aortic |
| Lampreys have ___ pairs of gills with gill openings. | 7 |
| In lamprey, water moves in and out of their gill openings. Why is this unusual? | Water usually goes in through the mouth and out the gills |
| Lampreys are _________, meaning that they migrate from marine into fresh water to breed. | Anadromous |
| Adult lampreys spawn in ______/______. | Winter/Spring |
| Some lamprey species are becoming "land-locked" and staying in freshwater. Why is this and why is it a problem? | They are being blocked in my manmade structures and destroying fish populations. |
| Describe the reproductive cycle of the lamprey. | 1. Males build nest 2. Females join later with male attaching to her head 3. Eggs fertilized externally 4. Eggs adhere to pebbles & covered by sand 5. Adults die 6. Eggs hatch 7. Larvae drift downstream to ocean |
| How long does it take for lamprey eggs to hatch? | Two weeks |
| Lamprey larvae are known as _________s. | Ammocoetes |
| Where is lamprey "landlocking" the biggest problem? | The Great Lakes |
| When did lamprey "landlocking" become an issue? | When locks/canals were built |
| Lamprey almost destroyed the fishing industries in what decades? | 40s and 50s |
| The lamprey's mode of feeding increases ________. | Dispersal |
| The lamprey's mode of feeding increases dispersal. How do they feed? | They attach and feed on the fish until they are satiated or until the fish dies |
| What are the four modes of lamprey control used? | 1. Larvacides, lampricides (TFM), bile acids 2. Trapping and releasing sterile males 3. Trapping 4. Dam and canal modifications |
| Sharks belong to what phylum? | Chordata |
| Sharks belong to what superclass? | Gnathostomata |
| Sharks belong to what class? | Chondrichthyes |
| The class Condrichthyes contains _____s, _____s, and _____s. | Sharks, skates, rays |
| Name the phylum, superclass, and class of sharks, skates, and rays. | Phylum: Chordata, Superclass: Gnathostomata, Class: Condrichthyes |
| All jawed vertebrates belong to the superclass ________. | Gnathostomata |
| The whale shark feeds on ______. | Plankton |
| The whale shark feeds on how much food per hour? | 1 million liters |
| Species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) have a _______ skeleton. | Cartilaginous |
| Most species belonging to the class Condrichthyes live in (freshwater/marine) environments. | Marine |
| Due to their _______ shape, species belonging to the class Condrichthyes can cut easily through the water. | Streamlined |
| ________ means having a spindle-like shape that is wide in the middle and tapers at both ends. This structure applies to species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (specifically sharks) and allows them to be aerodynamic. | Fusiform |
| Why can't species belonging to the class Condrichthyes (specifically sharks) maneuver easily in water? | Their weight (they are very heavy) |
| Sharks have a _______ tail, which is a tail fin with unequal lobes in which the vertebral column turns upward into the larger lobe. | |
| Sharks have ____less eyes. | Lidless |
| Sharks are covered in ______ scales, which resemble tiny teeth lined up with each other and feel like sandpaper. | Placoid |
| Placoid shark scales are made out of ______. | Dentine |
| _____ and _____ supplies each individual placoid scale on a shark. | Enamel, blood |
| Sharks have no true anus; rather, they have a _______. | Cloaca |
| The _______ of ________ are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, mostly found on the head of the shark. | Ampullae of Lorenzini |
| The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called __________, mostly found on the head of the shark. | Electroreceptors |
| The electroreceptors found on the head of the shark, the ampullae of Lorenzini, track ______ fields. | Bioelectric |
| Shark vision is good (up close/at a distance). | Up close |
| Most sharks see in (color/grey) | Grey, no color |
| Sharks have a large ______ system that allows them to detect prey as far as 1 kilometer away. | Olfactory |
| Sharks have a large olfactory system that allows them to detect prey as far as __ kilometer(s) away. | 1 |
| The _____ ____ system is a system of sense organs found in aquatic vertebrates, mainly fish, used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. It is used by sharks to detect prey. | Lateral line |
| The ________ is a mechanoreceptive organ which allows sharks to sense mechanical changes in water. | Neuromast |
| Sharks have a two-chambered heart, with an ______ and a ______. | Atrium, ventricle |
| Name the 7 parts of the shark's digestive tract in order. | 1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Intestine (w/secretions from pancreas & liver) 6. Intestine (short & straight w/ spiral valve) 7. Rectum * Cloaca |
| What keeps a shark afloat? | Squalene oil |
| Where is squalene oil produced? | The liver |
| What kind of kidney does a shark have? | Opisthonephric |
| The waste product of the shark's opisthonephric kidney is called _____. | Urea |
| In a shark, the rectal gland works with kidney and secretes _____ solution & regulates _____. | NaCl, ions |
| How many chambers does a shark's heart have? | 2 |
| In a shark, the ______ gland works with kidneys and secretes NaCl solution and regulates ions. | Rectal |
| In a shark, the rectal gland works with kidneys and secretes NaCl solution and regulates ions. Why is this necessary? | Lots of saltwater enters the bloodstream via the mouth and passes over the gills. It needs to be regulated. |
| Shark breathing happens in what two ways? | 1. Buccal pumping 2. Ram ventilation |
| When a shark pumps water through its mouth and over its gills using its cheek muscles, this is known as ______ ______ing. | Buccal pumping |
| What method of respiration do sharks use to continue getting oxygen while staying still? | Buccal pumping |
| Some sharks might also have a more enlarged _____, which is a tube behind the eyes. When a shark is buried at the bottom of the ocean floor and can't breathe through its mouth, the _______ acts like a mouth by pulling in water. | Spiracle |
| As sharks evolved and became more active, buccal pumping became secondary. It was simply more energy efficient to take in water while swimming, in effect "ramming" the water into the mouth and letting it flow out through the gills slits. This is known as: | Ram ventilation |
| In fish which have a reduced or no ability to pump water buccally, such as sharks, perpetual ________ is required to maintain ram ventilation. | Swimming |
| ______ ________: The production of respiratory flow in some sharks in which the mouth is opened during swimming, such that water flows through the mouth and across the gills. | Ram ventilation |
| In ram ventilation, sharks force water over the gills via the _____ and _____ by constantly swimming. | Mouth, nostril |
| In sharks, all urine is secreted out of the ______. | Cloaca |
| In sharks, reproduction takes place through _______ fertilization. | Internal |
| Sharks have ______s formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female's cloaca during mating. | Claspers |
| Although sharks have two claspers, they only use ___ at a time. | One |
| Some claspers have ____s and _____s that dig into the oviduct & anchor down. | Hooks and spurs |
| Some claspers have hooks and spurs that dig into the _____ & anchor down. | Oviduct |
| The sperm packets that male sharks produce are known as ________s. | Spermatophores |
| Spermatophores follow _______s in clasper and fertilizes egg. | Grooves |
| In sharks, the _______ gland is well developed in mature females, much larger than the oviduct, and functions to secrete the egg membrane. | Shell |
| In sharks, the shell gland is well developed in mature females, much larger than the oviduct, and functions to secrete the egg ______. | Membrane |
| True or false: All sharks share the same egg size and gestation length. | False. Egg size and gestation length varies. |
| How long does it take sharks to reach sexual maturity? | Most of life |
| Sharks sometimes congregate to reproduce, forming ______ circles. | Mating |
| Sharks sometimes _________ to reproduce, forming mating circles. | Congregate |
| Which has thicker skin: Male or female sharks? | Female |
| Why do female sharks have thicker skin than male sharks? | Because males bite onto the dorsal fins and do not let go during mating |
| In sharks, the (left/right) ovary is more developed. | Right |
| Claspers are rolls of _______ stiffened with calcium. | Cartilage |
| Claspers are rolls of cartilage stiffened with ________. | Calcium |
| These lay eggs. | Oviparous |
| These give live birth. | Viviparous |
| Gestate an egg, the egg hatches, then they give birth to the live young. | Ovoviviparous |
| "Egg eating" as it occurs in young sharks is known as _________. | Oophagy |
| When young sharks eat other young, it is known as _______ ______. | Intrauterine cannibalism |
| ______ ________ is a behaviour in some carnivorous species, in which multiple embryos are created at impregnation, but only one or two are born. The larger or stronger ones consume their less-developed siblings as a source of nutrients. | Intrauterine cannibalism |
| How are the young of an oviparous species nourished? | Via the yolk sac |
| How are the young of a viviparous species nourished? | Via placenta or uterine secretions |
| How are the young of an ovoviviparous species nourished? | Via yolk sac, oophagy, intrauterine cannibalism |
| Name the kingdom, phylum, and class of the ray-finned fish. | Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Actinopterygii, |
| Name the class containing bony fish. | Actinopterygii |
| The study of fish is known as ________. | Ichthyology |
| Ray-finned fish have a huge habitat ________. | Diversity |
| _______ _________ is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. | Endochondral ossification |
| Ray-finned fish have an endochondral skeleton, meaning that is it composed of ______ rather than cartilage. | Bone |
| What are the four main external characteristics of ray-finned fish? | 1. Homocercal tail 2. Covered in cycloid/ctenoid scales 3. Paired fins 4. Jaws with teeth |
| Ray-finned fish have _______ tails. | Homocercal |
| Ray-finned fish are covered in _____ scales. | Cycloid |
| Ray-finned fish have _____ fins. | Paired |
| Ray-finned fish have jaws with ______. | Teeth |
| Ray-finned fish have ____s with teeth. | Jaws |
| True or false: Cycloid scales have an individual blood supply to each scale. | False |
| Cycloid scales are _____ and _____. | Light and flexible |
| Compared to a shark's fins, the fins of the ray-finned fish are very ________. | Flexible |
| The paired fins of the ray-finned fish are supported with long _______ rays for control. | Dermal |
| The ____ _____ is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at the current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming. | Swim bladder |
| What happens when a fish compresses air from its swim bladder? | The fish sinks |
| What happens when a fish adds air to its swim bladder? | The fish rises |
| How do sharks stay afloat? How do fish stay afloat? | Sharks- squalene oil Fish- Swim bladder |
| Fish with _________ swim bladders take gas into their bladders using their mouths: they rise to the surface and swallow air. | Physostomous |
| Fish with ________ swim bladders have to let gas in and out of the bladder using a very complex little patch of blood vessels that absorb or let go of gases from the blood. | Physoclistous |
| Which type of swim bladder is associated with "primitive" fish? | Physostomous |
| Freshwater fish bring in too much _____ and not enough _____. | Too much water; not enough salt. |
| ______ ________ is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. | Osmotic regulation |
| Freshwater fish use ____________ regulators to keep from getting too much water and not enough salt. | Hyperosmotic regulation |
| Freshwater fish excrete excess water via an ________ kidney. | Opisthonephric kidney |
| Freshwater fish form very _____ urine. | Dilute |
| What are the two ways that freshwater fish acquire salt? | 1. Salt-absorbing glands in gill epithelium moves salt into blood 2. From food |
| Marine fishes lose ______ and take in too much _____. | Lose water, take in too much salt. |
| Marine fish use _________ regulators to regulate the amount of salt in their blood. | Hypoosmotic |
| Very little _______ is formed in the kidneys of marine fish. As a result, they produce _____ urine. | Filtrate, dry |
| What two ways do marine fish secrete excess salt? | 1. Through salt-secretory cells in their gills 2. Through their feces |
| The gills of species belonging to the class Actinopterygii consist of many folds with platelike _______. | Lemella |
| What is the purpose of the lamellae? | Increases surface area for gas exchange |
| The hard bony flap covering and protecting the gills is known as the ________. | Operculum |
| Explain the process of respiration in species belonging to the class Actinopterygii. | Water moves through mouth, over gills, and out operculum |
| What is a concurrent blood flow? | When blood flows opposite direction from water over gills. |
| At most, fish can extract __% of the dissolved oxygen from water passing over their gills. | 85 |
| Larger fish swim (faster/slower) | Faster |
| Slower fish tend to be more ______. | Round |
| The Hooked Bluefin Tuna can swim up to _____ mph. | 41 |
| Some fish have increased bursts of speed up to ___ mph in one second. | 68 |
| Species belonging to the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) use ____ ventilation. | RAM |
| Very large and active fish cannot be kept in an aquarium. Why is this? | They use RAM ventilation and must keep moving constantly |
| Some fish have a special adaptation allowing them to _____ ___ for a certain amount of time. | Breathe air |
| Do fish have brains? | Yes |
| What two systems do fish use to pick up vibrations? | 1. Lateral line system 2. Swim bladder |
| Fish have ______ receptors in their mouth. | Taste |
| Do fish have good vision? | Yes |
| What allows fish to see underwater? | Spherical lens |
| In fish, their eye size becomes _______r as depth increases. | Larger |
| How do fish smell? | Particles in water pushed to olfactory rosette for smell |
| Fish have ___ heart chambers. | Two |
| What are the chambers of the heart called in fish? | Atrium and ventricle |
| Name the parts of the digestive system in species belonging to the class Actinopterygii. | 1. Mouth 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Intestine 5. Anus |
| This organ, found in ray-finned fish (and no other vertebrates), is not entirely understood, but it is known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion, may function to absorb digested food, or do both. | Pyloric caeca |
| In fish, the ______ _____ creates enzymes for fat digestion & absorption & dumps into intestine. | Pyloric caeca |
| In fish, the pyloric caeca creates enzymes for ___ digestion & absorption & dumps into _______. | Fat, intestine |
| The intestine is (long/short) in herbivorous fish. | Long |
| In carnivorous fish, protein digestion begins in the ________. | Stomach |
| The intestine is (long/short) in carnivorous fish. | Short |
| Most fish are (carnivores/herbivores). | Carnivores |
| What two things do carnivorous fish eat? | 1. Larger zooplankton 2. Larger vertebrates |
| Fish cannot chew well. They grind their food using teeth located in their ______. | Throats |
| Fish use ______ pressure for feeding; they simply open their mouth and let food flow in. | Negative |
| Herbivorous fish eat ______s and _______. | Plants and algae |
| ___________ fish are few in number and play an important role in the food chain. | Herbivorous |
| _______ _______s are fish that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water. | Suspension feeders |
| Most suspension feeding fish are (benthic/pelagic) | Pelagic |
| Suspension feeding fish use ____ ______s to filter food. | Gill feeder |
| ________ feeding fish are the most abundant types of fish. | Suspension |
| ________ fish eat both plants and animals. | Omnivorous |
| Broken down plant and animal remnants are known as __________. | Detritus |
| _________s eat detritus, which is broken down plant and animal remnants. | Scavengers |
| What are the different varieties of feeding behaviors shown in fish? | 1. Suspension feeding 2. Scavenging 3. Parasitic |
| Most species belonging to the class Actinopterygii are (monoecious/diecious) | Diecious |
| In terms of reproduction, species belonging to the class Actinopterygii are _________. | Oviparous |
| _______ fertilization occurs in species belonging to the class Actinopterygii. | External |
| Males and female fish come together in schools and perform _____ ______s. | Mating dances |
| In species belonging to class Actinopterygii, males secrete ______ to fertilize eggs. | Sperm |
| In species belonging to class Actinopterygii, behavior in ____ ______ varies. | Egg placement |
| In pelagic fish, eggs are ______. | Buoyant |
| In benthic fish, eggs are ______y and ________. | Yolky, adhesive |
| In ______ fish, eggs are buoyant. | Pelagic |
| In _______ fish, eggs are yolky and adhesive. | Benthic |
| Which lays larger eggs: Marine or freshwater fish? | Freshwater |
| In freshwater fish, eggs may not be _______ and may not have _______ care. | Buoyant, parental |
| Young fish develop and swim with ____ ____ until mouth and digestive tract develop. | Yolk sac |
| Young fish develop and swim with the yolk sac until ______ and ______ ______ develop. | Mouth, digestive tract |
| In developing, fish undergo _____________. | Metamorphosis |
| At what point do fish stop developing? | They don't; they grow for like |
| Very large fish exist at the ________. | Equator |
| Eels are ___________, meaning they go from freshwater to marine water to reproduce. | Catadromous |
| Name the 6 steps of eel reproduction. | 1. Live in rivers in Europe/North America 2. Swim 1-2 months until they reach the Sargasso Sea 3. Reproduce deep on the ocean floor, reproduce, and die 4. Larvae drift back to Europe/North America 5. Reach mid-atlantic in 2 years 6. Reach coast in 3 |
| Why do fishes eyes bulge when you catch them? | Swim bladder fills with air |
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