Chapter 8 Learning
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| Learning | permanent change in behavior due to experience
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| Associative Learning | Learning occurs between 2 events together
ie. Bell=food, or Toilet Flush=hot
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| Classical Conditioning | AKA Pavlovian Conditioning
A neutral stimulus signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and preps for unconditioned stimulus
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| Behaviorism | 1-psychology=objective science
2-studies behavior without reference to mental process
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| UCR, | Unconditioned response
(the natural response one reacts to an unconditioned stimuli)
usually same as the CR (conditioned response)
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| UCS, | Unconditioned Stimulus
(the stimuli that causes the unconditioned response)
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| CR | Conditioned Response
(response to a previously neutral conditioned stimuli)
-trained response
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| CS | Conditioned Stimuli
(the originally neutral stimuli which later on becomes the stimuli that triggers the conditioned response.)
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| Aquisition | the first stage in classical conditioning
-phase where the unconditional stimulus is associated with the neutral stimulus
In Operant, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response
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| Exctinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response
-occurs when a response is no longer reinforced
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| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
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| Generalization | the tendency for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus when the response was once conditioned
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| Discrimination | -ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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| Operant Conditioning | behavior is strengthen if followed by a reinforcer
behavior is diminished if followed by a punishment
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| Respondent Behaviour | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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| Operant Behaviour | behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences
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| Law of effect | Thorndike's principle
-behavior is followed by favorable consequences occur more often and behavior followed by unfavourable consequences occur less likely
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| Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. (operant conditioning research.)
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| Shaping | operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of a desired goal. ie. dog drives car
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| Reinforcer | in operant Conditioning- event that strengthens the behaviour
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| Primary Reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus
ie. one that satisfy a biological need
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| Conditioned Reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
(AKA secondary reinforcer)
ie.Money=goodgrades at school
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| Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
ie. give candy as reward of doing something you want them to do.
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| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | -reinforcing a response only part of a time
-slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinctint
ie. giving candy only when u feel like they have done well enough
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| Fixed-ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific # of responses
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| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable # of responses
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| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific time frame has passed
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| variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable time frame.
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| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior
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| cognitive map | mental representation of one's environment
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| Latent Learning | unapparent learning occurs till one has a necessity to demonstrate it
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| overjustification effect | rewarding someone something they already like to do
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| intrinsic motivation | desire to preform a behavior for their own sake and own effectiveness (self willingly)
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| extrinsic motivation | a desire to preform a behavior due to promised rewards(treats) or punishments (threats)
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| observational Learning | monkey see monkey do
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| Modeling | learning by watching and imitating a specific behavior
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| Mirror Neurons | Frontal Lobe neurons that fires when performing certain actions or when observing someone else's actions
-the brain enables imitation, language learning and empathy
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| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, and helpful behavior
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| antisocial behavior | negative, destructive, and unhelpful behavor
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