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Chapter 8 Learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| Associative Learning | Learning occurs between 2 events together ie. Bell=food, or Toilet Flush=hot |
| Classical Conditioning | AKA Pavlovian Conditioning A neutral stimulus signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and preps for unconditioned stimulus |
| Behaviorism | 1-psychology=objective science 2-studies behavior without reference to mental process |
| UCR, | Unconditioned response (the natural response one reacts to an unconditioned stimuli) usually same as the CR (conditioned response) |
| UCS, | Unconditioned Stimulus (the stimuli that causes the unconditioned response) |
| CR | Conditioned Response (response to a previously neutral conditioned stimuli) -trained response |
| CS | Conditioned Stimuli (the originally neutral stimuli which later on becomes the stimuli that triggers the conditioned response.) |
| Aquisition | the first stage in classical conditioning -phase where the unconditional stimulus is associated with the neutral stimulus In Operant, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Exctinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response -occurs when a response is no longer reinforced |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Generalization | the tendency for stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus when the response was once conditioned |
| Discrimination | -ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | behavior is strengthen if followed by a reinforcer behavior is diminished if followed by a punishment |
| Respondent Behaviour | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Operant Behaviour | behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences |
| Law of effect | Thorndike's principle -behavior is followed by favorable consequences occur more often and behavior followed by unfavourable consequences occur less likely |
| Operant Chamber (Skinner Box) | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. (operant conditioning research.) |
| Shaping | operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of a desired goal. ie. dog drives car |
| Reinforcer | in operant Conditioning- event that strengthens the behaviour |
| Primary Reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus ie. one that satisfy a biological need |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (AKA secondary reinforcer) ie.Money=goodgrades at school |
| Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs ie. give candy as reward of doing something you want them to do. |
| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | -reinforcing a response only part of a time -slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinctint ie. giving candy only when u feel like they have done well enough |
| Fixed-ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific # of responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable # of responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific time frame has passed |
| variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable time frame. |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior |
| cognitive map | mental representation of one's environment |
| Latent Learning | unapparent learning occurs till one has a necessity to demonstrate it |
| overjustification effect | rewarding someone something they already like to do |
| intrinsic motivation | desire to preform a behavior for their own sake and own effectiveness (self willingly) |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to preform a behavior due to promised rewards(treats) or punishments (threats) |
| observational Learning | monkey see monkey do |
| Modeling | learning by watching and imitating a specific behavior |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal Lobe neurons that fires when performing certain actions or when observing someone else's actions -the brain enables imitation, language learning and empathy |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, and helpful behavior |
| antisocial behavior | negative, destructive, and unhelpful behavor |
Created by:
Bowenpsycho
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