Volumetric Analysis: Acid/Base
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| Branch of chemistry to which volumetric analysis belongs? | Quantitative Analysis
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| Solute | A substance that will dissolve in a solvent
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| Solvent | A solvent is a liquid in which a solute will dissolve.
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| Solution | A solution is a perfect mixture of a solute and a solvent
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| Concentration | The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent
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| Weight/weight | This is the amount of solute dissolved in 100g of water
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| Weight/volume | This is the amount of solute dissolved in 100cm of water
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| Volume/volume | This is the amount of solute mixed with 100cm of water
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| Moles/Litre | A 1 molar solution is one that contains 1 mole of a substance in one litre of water.
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| ppm | Parts per million. Also known as 1mg/litre
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| Standard Solution | A standard solution is a solution of known concentration
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| Primary Standard | A primary standard is a chemical used to make a standard solution.
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| 4 criteria of a a substance to be called a primary standard | 1: It must be available in a highly pure state
2: It must be stable in air.
3: It must dissolve readily in water
4: It should have a high molecular mass to allow for easy weighing and to minimise percentage error
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| Why is Sulphuric Acid NOT considered a primary standard? | It absorbs moisture from the air
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| Important steps when filling a volumetric flask? | 1: Rinsed with water.
2: Filled with a wash bottle to 1cm of the mark
3: Using a dropper at eye level fill the flask until the bottom of the meniscus sits on the line.
4: Stopper and invert 20 times.
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| Why do we never pipette directly from the volumetric flask? | The pipette may contain some impurity that may contaminate the entire sample. We always pour some of the solution into a beaker before pipetting.
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| Important steps when using a pipette? | 1: Never pipette by mouth, always use a pipette filler
2: Rinse with water, then the solution it will contain.
3: Fill the pipette until the bottom of the meniscus sits on the line.
4: Do not blow out the last drop, the pipette is calibrated for this.
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| Important steps when using a burette? | 1: Clamp vertically in the retort stand.
2: Fill at eye level with a white tile/card behind the burette.
3: Using a funnel and then a dropper fill the burette until the bottom of the meniscus sits on the line.
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| Why does the burette normally contain acid and not a base? | Bases can crystalise as they dry and clog the taps of burettes. For this reason the base is normally placed in the pipette.
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| Why is a conical flask used instead of a beaker? | The conical flask allows the solution to be swirled without the risk of spilling. Beakers cannot allow this.
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| Why is the conical flask placed on a white tile? | The white tile allows colour changes to be more easily seen.
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| Hydrochloric Acid Vs Sodium Carbonate: Indicator and colour change? | Methyl Orange: Yellow to Pink
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| Sodium Hydroxide Vs Hydrochloric Acid: Indicator and colour change? | Methyl Orange: Yellow to Red
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| Sodium Hydroxide Vs Ethanoic Acid: Indicator and colour change? | Phenolphthalein. Colourless to pink. The base is placed in the burette and the acid in the concial flask. This is because it is easier to see a colourless to pink colour change than pink to colourless.
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| Washing Soda (Sodium Carbonate Crystals) Vs Hydrochloric Acid: Indicator and colour change? | Methyl Orange: Yellow to Pink
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| When using the volumetric analysis formula what is concentration calculated in? | The answer is always calculated in moles/Litre at the end as moles/Litre was used at the start!
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