History and Configuration of the Periodic Table
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| First scientist to use the word "element" | Robert Boyle
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| Element | A substance that cannot be broken into simpler parts by chemical means
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| Who developed a theory on triads | Dobereiner
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| 2 properties of a triad: | 1:3 elements with similar properties
2:The atomic weight of the middle element was equal to the average of all 3
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| Examples of triads | Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine
Calcium, Strontium, Barium
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| Developed a Law of Octaves | John Newlands
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| Octaves | When elements are arranged in increasing atomic weight the first and eight element have similar properties
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| Creator of the Periodic Table | Dmitri Mendeleev
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| Law of Periodicity | When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight the properties of the elements vary periodically.
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| Why did Mendeleev reverse the order of Iodine and Tellurium | To make sure they were in groups with similar properties
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| Discovered a way to determine the number of protons in a nucleus | Henry Mosely
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| Atomic Number | The number of protons in the nucleus of that element
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| 3 differences between Mendeleevs and the current Periodic Table | 1: Mendeleev used atomic weight, we use atomic number
2: Mendeleev had 63 we have 109 elements
3: There are no gaps in the modern Periodic Table
4: The transition metals are in a separate group in the modern table
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| 3 uses of the Periodic Table | Getting atomic numbers and mass numbers
Getting relative atomic masses
Calculating and writing electronic configuration
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| Mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in that element
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| Isotope | An atom of the same element with a different mass number due to a different number of neutrons in the nucleus
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| 2 isotopes of Hydrogen | Deuterium and Tritium
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| Developed the mass spectrometer | William Aston
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| Functions of a mass spectrometer | Used to detect the presence of isotopes of an elements and the percentages of each of these isotopes.
Used to calculate the relative atomic mass of an atom
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| 5 stages of the mass spectrometer | Vaporisation, Ionisation, Acceleration, Separation, Detection
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| Use of mass spectrometer in sports | used to detect banned substances in athletes blood
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| Aufbau Principle | The aufbau principle states that when building up the electronic configuration of an atom in its ground state, the electrons occupy the lowest available energy level
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| Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity | This states that when two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, the electrons occupy them singly first before filling them in pairs.
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| Pauli Exclusion Principle | This states that no more than 2 electrons may occupy an orbital and this may only do if they have opposite spin.
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| How many electrons can an s sublevel hold | 2
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| How many orbitals can the entire p sublevel hold | 6
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| How many electrons can the entire d sublevel hold | 10
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| How many orbitals can the entire f orbital hold | 18
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