Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Ester and Saponification
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| Tetrahedral Carbon | Carbon bonded to 4 separate atoms, eg Methane
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| Planar Carbon | A carbon with a double or triple bond attached
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| Carbonyl Groups | A molecule with a C=O
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| Comment on the boiling point of Carbonyl Groups | Higher than corresponding alkanes but not as high as corresponding alcohols due to the fact that they cannot create Hydrogen bonds.
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| Primary, Secondary and tertiary alcohol | Primary: Functional group attached to one other carbon
Secondary: Functional group attached to 2 other carbons
Tertiary: Functional group attached to 3 other carbons
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| Physical Properties of Alcohols | Higher boiling point than expected, pleasant smell, dissolves in both water and organic solvents
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| Uses for alcohols | Fuel, used in paints and polishes as a solvent, present in beers and spirits
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| Compounds used to oxidise Ethanol | Sodium Dichromate and Sulphuric Acid
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| Colour chajnge during the oxidation of ethanol | Orange to green as Cr is reduced from Cr+6 to Cr+3
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| Excess ethanol and limited sodium dichromate crerates: | Ethanal
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| Excess sodium dichromate and limited ethanol creates: | Ethanoic Acid
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| What happens the polarity of alcohols as they get longer? | Their polarity decreases as the long non polar chain cancels out the small polar functional group
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| Physical properties of ethanal | Colourless liquid with a pleasant smell, boiling point of 21 degrees
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| 2 precautions when to ensure manufacture of ethanal | Use excess ethanol and limited sodium dichromate,
Distill off ethanal as soon as it is formed
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| 4 tests for Aldehydes in order of importance | Silver mirror test, Fehlings Solution, Acidified Potassium Permanganatre, Schiffs reagent.
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| Silver Mirror Test: Reagent used, positive colour change | Ammonical Silver Nitrate, heat but do not boil, silver mirror formed.
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| Fehlings Solution, positive colour change? | Fehlings I and II, heat but do not boil, blue to brick red precipitate
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| Acidified Potassium Permanganate, positive colour change | Purple to colourless
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| What is benzaldehyde used for? | Food additive used in almonds, marzipan and cherries
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| Difference between Aldehydes and Ketones? | Aldehydes have their functional group on a terminal Carbon, Ketones have theirs in the middle
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| Simplest Ketone? | Propanone (Acetone)
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| What reagent is used to make Ketones instead of Aldehyes? | Secondary Alcohol instead of primary alcohol (Propan-2-ol instead of ethanol)
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| Carboxylic acids found in ant bites | Methanoic Acid (formic acid)
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| What is unusual about the combustion of Ethanoic Acid? | It only burns in vapor form
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| Physical properties of ethanoic acid | Colourless liquid with a pungent smell, boiling point 118 due to Hydrogen Bonds, mixes with organic liquids and water, used as a food preservative
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| Ethanoic Acid + Metal > | Salt + Hydrogen
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| From what 2 chemicals is benzoic acid made? | Ethanoic Acid and Benzene
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| What is the purpose of reflux apparatus | 1: To ensure the complete oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid
2: To ensure no loss of vapor
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| Why is the beaker surrounding the reaction flask cold at the start of the reflux? | The reaction is exothermic, the cold water ensures the reaction does not become too vigorous.
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| Ethanoic Acid + Base > | Salt + Water
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| Ethanoic Acid + Carbonate > | Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
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