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Organic Families
Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Ester and Saponification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tetrahedral Carbon | Carbon bonded to 4 separate atoms, eg Methane |
| Planar Carbon | A carbon with a double or triple bond attached |
| Carbonyl Groups | A molecule with a C=O |
| Comment on the boiling point of Carbonyl Groups | Higher than corresponding alkanes but not as high as corresponding alcohols due to the fact that they cannot create Hydrogen bonds. |
| Primary, Secondary and tertiary alcohol | Primary: Functional group attached to one other carbon Secondary: Functional group attached to 2 other carbons Tertiary: Functional group attached to 3 other carbons |
| Physical Properties of Alcohols | Higher boiling point than expected, pleasant smell, dissolves in both water and organic solvents |
| Uses for alcohols | Fuel, used in paints and polishes as a solvent, present in beers and spirits |
| Compounds used to oxidise Ethanol | Sodium Dichromate and Sulphuric Acid |
| Colour chajnge during the oxidation of ethanol | Orange to green as Cr is reduced from Cr+6 to Cr+3 |
| Excess ethanol and limited sodium dichromate crerates: | Ethanal |
| Excess sodium dichromate and limited ethanol creates: | Ethanoic Acid |
| What happens the polarity of alcohols as they get longer? | Their polarity decreases as the long non polar chain cancels out the small polar functional group |
| Physical properties of ethanal | Colourless liquid with a pleasant smell, boiling point of 21 degrees |
| 2 precautions when to ensure manufacture of ethanal | Use excess ethanol and limited sodium dichromate, Distill off ethanal as soon as it is formed |
| 4 tests for Aldehydes in order of importance | Silver mirror test, Fehlings Solution, Acidified Potassium Permanganatre, Schiffs reagent. |
| Silver Mirror Test: Reagent used, positive colour change | Ammonical Silver Nitrate, heat but do not boil, silver mirror formed. |
| Fehlings Solution, positive colour change? | Fehlings I and II, heat but do not boil, blue to brick red precipitate |
| Acidified Potassium Permanganate, positive colour change | Purple to colourless |
| What is benzaldehyde used for? | Food additive used in almonds, marzipan and cherries |
| Difference between Aldehydes and Ketones? | Aldehydes have their functional group on a terminal Carbon, Ketones have theirs in the middle |
| Simplest Ketone? | Propanone (Acetone) |
| What reagent is used to make Ketones instead of Aldehyes? | Secondary Alcohol instead of primary alcohol (Propan-2-ol instead of ethanol) |
| Carboxylic acids found in ant bites | Methanoic Acid (formic acid) |
| What is unusual about the combustion of Ethanoic Acid? | It only burns in vapor form |
| Physical properties of ethanoic acid | Colourless liquid with a pungent smell, boiling point 118 due to Hydrogen Bonds, mixes with organic liquids and water, used as a food preservative |
| Ethanoic Acid + Metal > | Salt + Hydrogen |
| From what 2 chemicals is benzoic acid made? | Ethanoic Acid and Benzene |
| What is the purpose of reflux apparatus | 1: To ensure the complete oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid 2: To ensure no loss of vapor |
| Why is the beaker surrounding the reaction flask cold at the start of the reflux? | The reaction is exothermic, the cold water ensures the reaction does not become too vigorous. |
| Ethanoic Acid + Base > | Salt + Water |
| Ethanoic Acid + Carbonate > | Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide |
Created by:
cbschemistry
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