Vocabulary
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| Somatic Cell | Cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes.
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| Gamete | Sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell.
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| Homologous Chromosome | Chromosomes that have the same length, appearance, and copies of genes, although the alleles may differ.
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| Autosome | Chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism.
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| Sex Chromosome | Chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics.
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| Sexual Reproduction | Process by which two gametes fuse and offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents are produced.
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| Fertilization | Fusion of an egg and sperm cell.
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| Diploid | Cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm.
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| Haploid | Cell that has only one of each chromosome.
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| Meiosis | Form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells; important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction.
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| Gametogenesis | Process by which gametes are produced through the combination of meiosis and other maturational changes
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| Sperm | Male gamete.
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| Egg | Female gamete.
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| Polar Body | Haploid cell produced during meiosis in the female of many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disintegrate.
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| Trait | Characteristic that is inherited.
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| Genetics | Study of the heredity patterns and variation of organisms.
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| Purebred | Type of organism whose ancestors are genetically uniform.
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| Cross | Mating of two organisms.
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| Law of Segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that (1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes
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| Gene | Specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
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| Allele | Any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome.
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| Homozygous | Characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids.
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| Heterozygous | Characteristic of having two different alleles that appear at the same locus of sister chromatids.
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| Genome | All of an organism's genetic material.
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| Genotype | Collection of all of an organism's genetic information that codes for traits.
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| Phenotype | Collection of all of an organism's physical characteristics.
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| Dominant | Allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organisms genotype.
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| Recessive | Allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organism's genotype.
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| Punnett Square | Model for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross, or mating.
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| Monohybrid Cross | Cross, or mating, between organisms that involves only one pair of contrasting traits.
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| Testcross | Cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype.
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| Dihybrid Cross | Cross, or mating, between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits.
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| Law of Independent Assortment | Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation.
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| Probability | Likelihood that a particular event will happen.
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| Crossing Over | Exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
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| Genetic Linkage | Tendency for genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together.
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