Authors and their ideas
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| Anderson | Nations are an imagined political community
Limited, sovereign
Believes that rise of print and decline of religion played a role
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| Fukuyama "The Necessity of Politics" | Political decay occurs when insts don't adjust to circumstances
Inst. inertia reinforces the status quo
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| Krasner | sovereignty is still kickin'
internat'l insts are changing the role and scope of state sov
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| Hobsbawm | Nation "any sufficiently large body whose members regard themselves as a nation"
Rise of middle class and natl language prompts state formation
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| Tilly | war makes state, state makes war!
States: coercion-weilding organizations that are distinct from households and kinship groups and exrcise clear priority in some respects over all other organizations with substantial territories
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| Herbst "War and the State in Africa" | War is missing ingredient for state formation in AFrica
most gained independence w/o winning a war
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| Herbst and Mills "The Invisible State" | DRC is not a legit state but IR comm still supports it
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| Rotberg | states fail when they can't deliver positive social goods
need for security and infrastructure to prevent state failure
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| Fukuyama "The Middle Class Revolution" | Middle class status is better defined by education, occupation, and the ownership of assets, which are far more consequential in predicting political behavior
Middle class is important in fermenting social change but needs to form coalitions to succeed
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| Stepan, Linz, and Yadav | -state-nations vs nation state
-state-nations have ethnic/cultural diversity within but still has nationalism among citizens
-federal parliamentary systems; complementary identities; inst trust
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| Fearon and Laitin | insurgency better predictor of civil war than ethnic diversity
odds of civil war decrease as income increases
large vs small dominance-- large can be worse in poorer countries
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| Gryzmala-Busse | religion:“A public and collective belief system that structures the relationship of the individual to the divine and the supernatural”
largest group ppl identify with; not refutable
relig structure plays role in soc/pol structure
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| Huntington | civilization is highest cultural grouping to which people claim identity
human history defined by conflict on increasing scale; next step is btwn civilization
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| Rodrik | -globalization has not undermined the importance of nat’l govts
-govts need to step in to monitor prices, decide when to send troops
-global governance is of limited use b/c we have no global standards for workers rights, etc
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| Malcolm | EU mostly benefits richer countries
nations still more concerned with own interests
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| Dixon | monetary but not fiscal union
need for "touch love and market discipline" to make it work
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| North | Institutions are the devised constraints that structure political, economic and social interaction
expansion of trade required institutions
Eur innovations lowered transaction costs and increased success of their institutions
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| Hardin | "Tragedy of the Commons"
concern w/ overpop. a problem w/ "no technical solution"
can't appeal to conscience so we need mutually agreed upon and enforced coercion
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| Singer | no mo babiez
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| Wintrobe | Dictator's dilemma
the dictator and the subjects have a problem of credibly signaling trust in one another. Why is this a problem? Repression
It arises when there are gains from exchange but when promises and obligations are not enforceable.
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| Linz and Stepan | new spectrum of regimes:Democracy, Totalitarianism, Post-Totalitarianism, Sultanism,authoritarianism
measured by: pluralism, ideology, leadership, mobilization
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| Levitsky and Way | comp auth not always sign of dem transition
have formal inst and facade of democracy but rules are often violated
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| Zakaria | rise of Church started birth of human liberty
liberty-freedom from arbitrary authority
new class of yeomen capitalists were first group to limit pwr of kings in W Eur
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| De Toqueville | -to address the political reality we observed we must educate democracy, develop knowledge of statecraft, and develop a new science of politics
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| Schmitter and Karl | -conditions for democracy:
policy controlled by elected officials,fair elections,universal suffrage and ability to run for office, freedom of expression, info, and assoc, elected officials exercise power w/o being overridden by unelected officials
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| Goldstone | Arab spring was against sultanistic regimes
•sultans are vulnerable b/c: must balance amassing personal wealth w/ rewarding the elites, huge economic inequality develops under their regimes, questions of succession as leader ages
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| King | Plurality Systems (first past the post)
Majority Electoral System
-second-ballot system (run off votes)
Proportional Representation
Single Transferrable vote
-most complex system
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| Soudriette and Ellis | Classify electoral systems into four broad categories: Plurality/Majority, Proportional Representation, Mixed, Other
Plurality/Majority: five types: First Past the Post, Two Round System, Alternative Vote, Block Vote, Party Block Vote
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| Duverger | -simple-majority single ballot systems favors bipartism
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| Taagepera and Shugart | -Electoral rules can make or break a party!!
-easiest part of pol system to change with goals in mind
-inertia, countries usually stay w/ system they had around time they achieved universal suffrage
-precinct magnitude #of seats per district
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| Lijphart | Plurality method of election have two party systems, one party governments, and execs that are dominant in relation to their legislatures
PR: multiparty systems, coalition governments, and more equal executive legislative pwr relations
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| Norris | “Majoritarian systems create strong govt able to implement decisive policies”
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| Cheibub | compares pres to parl and says even though parl systems do better it's not something inherently wrong with presidentialist PR:fuses legislative and exec powers; easier to form coalitions, needs majority support in legislature to keep power
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| Linz | Parliaments are better b/c w pres the exec and legis have competing claims to legitimacy, rigid terms,too much pwr compared to how much of the vote they got
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| Mainwaring and Shugart | -disagree that presidentialism is oriented toward winner-takes-all results
-should give pres limited legislative power, form disciplined parties
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| Lipset | wealth is higher in democratic countries
econ development can help explain democracy and class conflicts
rapid industrialization --> unstable democracy
modernization theory
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| Tufte | improvements in unemployment and inflation in US coincide with presidential elections
incumbents do this thru policy in order to influence voters (electoral economic cycle)
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| Smith | division of labor increases efficiency and productivity
self-interest in trade usually benefits society too
"invisible hand"-- so state shouldn't regulate the economy
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| Acemoglu | institutions are better predictor for development than geography
studies former colonies to show how change in inst changes econ
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| Easterly | econ growth is most important in reducing poverty
government gets in the way of growth
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| Frank | underdevelopment is a product of capitalist system
metropolis suck all the resources out of rural areas
countries grow most when least connected to world system ( dependency theory)
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| Acemoglu and Johnson | improving health improves econ growth
epidemiological transition over past 70 years
however it does lower GDP/ capita and the K/L ratio
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| Collier and Gunning | explanations for Africa's slow growth:
-Domestic-Destiny
-Domestic-Policy- this is probably it
-External-Destiny
-External-Policy
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| Hall and Soskice | LMEs and CMEs
capitalist economies aren't converging on a best model
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| Barro | democracy often follows growth
autocracy can promote growth if leaders don't hoard wealth
if democracy progresses faster than growth, growth fails
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| Acemoglu, Johnson, Roberston, Yared | no relationship btwn change in income and dem.
explained by taking diff paths at "critical junctures"
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| Linz and Stepan | consolidated democracy: political regime w/ democracy as a complex system of institutions, rule, incentives. "only game in town"
also need: civil society, autonomous political society, rule of law, effective state bureaucracy, economic society
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| Lowery | we can end poverty!
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| Krugman | The Myth of Asia's Miracle
idk
If there is a secret to Asian growth, it is simply deferred gratification, the willingness to sacrifice current satisfaction for future gain
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| Arnold | vietnam benefits from China's growth
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| Huntington "Political Order in Changing Societies" | biggest diff between states is degree of governance
political decay is result of rapid social change and slow political change
econ development and pol stability are two separate goals
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| Gurr | relative deprivation causes civil strife
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| Skocpol | crisis of the state and class conflicts converge to produce social revolutions (institutionalization of new political order)
state-centered approach
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| Walter | Civil wars last longer because of bargaining failures
including info asymmetry, inability to credibly commit, indivisible stakes
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| Humphreys and Weinstein | ppl fight in civil wars because of econ dep, pol marginalization, selective material incentives, strong social structures, feel safer in the fighting group. also examine role of abduction in Sierra Leone
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| Kuran | revolution= "mass supported seizure of political power that aims to transform the social order"
hard to predict when revolutions occur because it is difficult to observe individual preference for change (falsify preferences)
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| Yashar | postructural approach to identity (identity doesn’t always map onto politics, people have multiple identities that are activated by a historical shock)
historical “shock” for indigenous organizing: decline of state corporatism + improved democracy
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| Sen "Women's Agency..." | shift focus from promoting well-being to promoting agency (esp focus on empowering women economically and within the family)
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| Fukuyama "The End of History?" | a total exhaustion of alts to western liberalism (meaning liberal economy + liberal democracy)
a victory of ideas over fascism and communism
only remaining contenders are religion + nationalism
Zakaria would agree
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| Sen "Individual Freedom..." | enhancing freedom (agency) is key to development
freedom as processes and opportunity to participate in processes
move from human capital to human capability
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| Florida | growth and innovation concentrated in certain cities (spikes) that grow higher as the valleys grow deeper
Indians and Chinese travel to Silicon Valley to innovate - certain rare ecosystems make ideas economically viable
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