Chapter 62
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Function of bone | Support, protection of internal organs, voluntary movement, blood cell production and mineral storage.
🗑
|
||||
| OSTEOBLAST | synthesize organic bone matrix (collagen) and are basic bone forming cells
🗑
|
||||
| OSTEOCYTES | mature bone cells
🗑
|
||||
| OSTEOCLASTS | participate in bone remodeling by assisting in breakdown of bone tissue
🗑
|
||||
| BONE REMODELING | removal of old bone by osteoclasts (resorption) and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts (ossification)
🗑
|
||||
| ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS | increase in the tension within a muscle but do not produce movement (make muscles larger and stronger)
🗑
|
||||
| ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS | shorten a muscle to produce movement skeletal muscles fibers divided into 2 groups based on types of activity they demonstrate
🗑
|
||||
| Most common symptoms of musculoskeletal impairment include | deformity, limitation of movement, stiffness, and jt crepitation.
🗑
|
||||
| Achilles tendonitis | Pain in posterior leg when running or walking initially, can progress to pain at rest
🗑
|
||||
| Ankylosis | Stiffness and fixation of a jt
🗑
|
||||
| Antalgic gait | Shortened stride c. as little weight bearing as possible on affected side
🗑
|
||||
| Ataxic gait | Staggering, uncoordinated gait often w. sway
🗑
|
||||
| Atrophy | Flabby appearance of muscle leading to decreased fx and tone
🗑
|
||||
| Boutonniere deformity | Finger abnormality flexion of proximal interphlalangeal PIP jt, hyperextension of distal interphalageal DIP jt of fingers
🗑
|
||||
| Contracture | Resistanceof movement of muscle or jt as a result of fibrosis of supporting soft tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Crepitation | Frequent, audible crackling sound c. palpable grating that accompanies movement
🗑
|
||||
| Dislocation | Displacement of bone from its normal jt
Sever injury of the ligamentous structure that surround a jt, often results in complete displacement/separation of jt surfaces.
A orthopedic emergency
🗑
|
||||
| Festinating gait | While walking, the neck, trunk and knees flex while the body is rigid, delayed start c. short, quick, shuffling
🗑
|
||||
| Ganglion cyst | Small fluid-filled bump/mass over a tendon sheath or jt, usually on dorsal surface of wrist/foot
🗑
|
||||
| Kyposis Dowager’s Hump | Forward bending of thoracic spine, sl flexion of knees exaggerated
🗑
|
||||
| Lateral epicondylitis | Dull ache along outer aspect of elbow, worsens c. twisting and grasping motions
🗑
|
||||
| Limited ROM | Jt does not achieve the expected degree of motion
🗑
|
||||
| Slow-twitch muscle fibers | support prolonged muscle activity
🗑
|
||||
| Fast-twitch fibers | tire more quickly than slow-twitch (eye-blinking, jumping)
🗑
|
||||
| Question should focus on symptoms of | arthritic and CT diseases, Gout, SLE, Osteomalacia, Osteomyelitis, and fungal infection of bones
🗑
|
||||
| anti-seizure drugs | Osteomalacia, phenothiazine-
🗑
|
||||
| phenothiazine | SE gait disturbances
🗑
|
||||
| Corticosteroids | SE avascular necrosis, decreased bone and muscle mass
🗑
|
||||
| Potassium-depleting diuretic | SE: muscle cramps and weakness.
🗑
|
||||
| Women | Menstrual Hx
🗑
|
||||
| Physical exam: | observe any swelling, deformity, nodules, or masses and discrepancies in limb length or muscle size. ROM accurately assess c. a gonimeter, measures the angle of a jt.
🗑
|
||||
| Cartilage | Support for soft tissue, Provides surface for jt movement, protects underlying surface, avascular
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac | Involuntary, located in the HT
🗑
|
||||
| Smooth | Involuntary, located in intestines, Bd, arteries
🗑
|
||||
| Striated | Voluntary, located in skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| Sprain | an injury to the ligamentous structure surrounding a jt. caused by a wrenching or twisting motion
🗑
|
||||
| Strain | excessive stretching of a muscles, its fascial sheath or a tendon occur mostly in the large muscle groups including lower back, calf, and hamstrings
🗑
|
||||
| Strain Manifestations | Pain, edema, decrease in fx, contusion
🗑
|
||||
| Mild sprain and strain are usually self-limiting c. full fx returning | 3-6 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| Subluxation | Partial or incomplete displacement of the jt surface
🗑
|
||||
| Jt most frequently dislocated in upper extremity include: | Thumb, elbow and shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Avascular necrosis | bone cell death as a result of inadequate blood supply
🗑
|
||||
| RSI | include poor posture and positioning,poor workspace ergonomics, badly designed workplace equipement. Repitive lifting of heavy workloads w.o sufficient muscle rest
🗑
|
||||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome CTS | Condition caused by compression of the median nerve which enter the hand via the narrow confines of the carpal tunnel, fored by ligament and bones
🗑
|
||||
| CTS manifestations: | Weakness, burning pain, numbness, impaired sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and clumsiness in performing fine movements
🗑
|
||||
| Tinel's signs | can be elicited by tapping over median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist
+ sensation of tingling in the distribution of the median nerve over the hand
🗑
|
||||
| Phalen's sign | can be elicted by allowing the wrists to fall freely into max flexion and maintain the position for longer than 60 seconds + sensation of tingling in the distrubution of the median nerve over the hand
🗑
|
||||
| Rotator Cuff Injury | a cuff is a complex of four muscles: sprapinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles
🗑
|
||||
| Acromioplasty | surgical removal part of the acromion to relieve compression of rotator cuff during movement may be necessary
🗑
|
||||
| Bursitis | inflammation of the burse, results from repeated or excessive trauma or friction, GOUT, RA, or infection
🗑
|
||||
| Primary clinical manifestations of bursitis are: | warmth, pain, swelling, and limited ROM in affected part
🗑
|
||||
| Fracture is... | a disruption/break in the continuity of the structure of bone
🗑
|
||||
| Traction is | an application of a pulling force to an injured or diseased part of the body/ an extremity while countertraction pulls in the opposite direction
🗑
|
||||
| Skin traction | generally used for short term tx (48-72) until skeletal traction or surgery is possible weighs are 5-10lbs
🗑
|
||||
| Skeletal traction | align injured bones and jts or to tx jt contractures and congenital hip dysplasia. Provides a long-term pull that keeps the injured bones and jt aligned (5-45 lb) Too much weigh can result in delayed union/nonunion
🗑
|
||||
| What is the major of amputation surgery? | To preserve extremity length and fx while removing all infected, pathologic, or ischemic tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Closed amputation performed to create a weight bearing.. | residual limb or stump
🗑
|
||||
| Disarticulation | is an amputation performed via a jt
🗑
|
||||
| Impingement Syndrome | Entrapment of soft tissue structure under coracoacromial arch of shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Rotator Cuff Tear | Tear within muscle or teninoligamentous structures around shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Shin Splints | Inflammation along anterior aspect of calf from periostitis caused by improper shoes, overuse, or running on hard pavement
🗑
|
||||
| Tendinitis | Inflammation of a tendon as a result of overuse or incorrect use
🗑
|
||||
| Ligament injury | Tearing or stretching of ligament, usually occurs as a result of inversion, eversion, shearing, or torque applied to a jt. Characterized by sudden pain, swelling, and instability
🗑
|
||||
| Meniscal injury: | Injury to the fibrocartilage of knee characterized by popping, clickling, tearing sensation, effusion and /or swelling.
🗑
|
||||
| CAST | temporary circumferential immobilization device
🗑
|
||||
| Hip fx | of proximal 3rd of the femur, which extends up to 5 cm below lesser trochanter
🗑
|
||||
| Buck’s traction | Most commonly used for fractures f the hip and femur
🗑
|
||||
| Skeletal traction | align injured bones and jts or tx jt contractures and congenital hip dysplasia. Provide a long-term pull that keeps the injured bones and jt aligned (5-45 lb) Too much weight can result in delayed union/nonunion
🗑
|
||||
| Closed amputation | performed to create a weight bearing-residual limb or stump, prevent accumulation of drainage-can produce pressure and harbor bacteria that may cause infection
🗑
|
||||
| Disarticulation | is an amputation performed via a jt
🗑
|
||||
| Syme amputation- | form of disarticulation at the ankle
🗑
|
||||
| Open amputation | leaves a surface on the residual limb that is not covered w. skin
🗑
|
||||
| Sugar-tong splint | typically used for acute wrist injuries or injuries that may result in significant swelling
🗑
|
||||
| Short arm cast | often used for t of stable wrist or MTC fx
🗑
|
||||
| Long arm cast | commonly used for stable forearm or elbow fx and unstable wrist fx
🗑
|
||||
| Neurovascular Assessment | should consist of a peripheral vascular assessment (color, temp, capillary refill, peripheral pulses and edema)
🗑
|
||||
| Two point gait | rutch on one side advances simultaneously w. the opposite extremity, this gait is also used w. cane ambulation
🗑
|
||||
| Four point gait | A slower version of the 2 point in which crutches and legs are advanced separately.
🗑
|
||||
| Swing-to gait | Both crutches are advanced together, followed by lifting of both lower limbs to the same place; this gait is also used w. walkers
🗑
|
||||
| Swing through gait | Gait similar to the swing to gait, pt swings the body past the crutches.
🗑
|
||||
| Phantom limb | sensation-occurs in 90% of amputees. Pt may complain of feelings of coldness and heaviness, cramping, shooting, burning, or crushing pain.
🗑
|
||||
| Arthrodesis | is the surgical fusion of a jt. It relieves pain and provides a stable but immobile jt.
🗑
|
||||
| OSTEONS | haversian systems-fit closely together in compact bone, creating a dense bone structure
🗑
|
||||
| EPIPHYSIS: | Widened are found at each end of the a long bone, composed of cancellous bone wide one allows fro greater weight distribution and provides stability for the jt. Also location of muscle attachment
🗑
|
||||
| DIAPHYSIS | main shaft of the bone provides structural support and composed of compact bone-tubular structure help withstand bending and twisting force
🗑
|
||||
| METAPHYSIS | Flared area bw epiphysis and diaphysis
🗑
|
||||
| EPIPHYSEAL PLATE | growth zone cartilaginous area bw epiphysis and metaphysis
🗑
|
||||
| Lordosis (swayback) | Asymmetric scapulae and shoulders, exaggerated lumbar curvature
🗑
|
||||
| Muscular spasticity | Increased muscle tone w. sustained muscle contaction
🗑
|
||||
| Myalgia | General muscle tenderness and pain
🗑
|
||||
| Paresthesia | Numbness and tingling often described as “pin and needles”
🗑
|
||||
| Pes planus | Abnormal flatness of the sole and arch of the foot
🗑
|
||||
| Valgum deformity | When knees are together and there is more 1 in bw the medial malleoli
🗑
|
||||
| Varum deformity | When knees are apart and the medial malleoli are together, a space of more than 1 inch exists.
🗑
|
||||
| Standard X-Ray | • Determines density of bone, evaluates structure & fx of bone and jt.
• NC: Avoid excessive exposure of pt and self, Verify patient is not pregnant
🗑
|
||||
| Diskogram | • X ray of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk post injection of contrast media.
• Permits visual of intervertebral disk abnormalities
• NC: Allergies to contrast medium
🗑
|
||||
| Computed Tomography CT | • X ray of computer 3-D picture
• Identify soft tissue abnormalities, bony abnormalities, and various musculoskeletal trauma
• NC: Painless, shellfish allergy? Remain still.
🗑
|
||||
| Myelogram c/s CT | • Injects contrast medium into sac around nerve roots
• CT scan may show how bone is affecting nerve roots.
• Test for nerve impingement and lesions injuries can be detected
🗑
|
||||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI | • Radio waves and magnetic field used to view soft tissue.
• Dx of avascular necrosis, disk disease, tumors, osteomyelitis, ligament tears, cartilage tears.
• Gadolinium may be injected IV to enhance visualization of structures.
🗑
|
||||
| Bone Scan | Injects radioisotope TC 99m taken up by bone.
Inform the patient that procedure requires 1 hour while patient lies supine and that no pain or harm will result from isotopes
Increase fluids after exam
Pregnancy?
🗑
|
||||
| Uric Acid | End product of purine metabolism, normally excreted in urine, elevated in GOUT
🗑
|
||||
| Alkaline Phosphatase | an enzyme produced by osteoblasts of bones, needed for mineralization of organic bone matrix
Increased levels are found in healing fx, bone cancer, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| C-reactive protein | used to dx inflammation disease infections and active widespread malignancy, synthesized by the Liver and is present in large amounts
🗑
|
||||
| Creatine Kinase CK- | highest concentration found in skeletal muscle. Increased levels found in progressive muscular dystrophy, polyyositis, and traumatic injuries
🗑
|
||||
| Anit-DNA antibody | detects serum antibodies that react c. DNA. Most specific test for SLE.
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
linhfujikawa
Popular Nursing sets