Study Guide - Terms/Abbreviations
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| bid | twice a day |
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| d | day |
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| h | hour |
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| IV | intravenous(ly) |
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| npo | nothing by mouth |
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| q | every |
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| q3h | every 3 hours |
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| qid | four times a day |
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| qod | every other day |
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| tid | three times a day |
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| Ca | Calcium |
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| Cl | Chlorine (Chloride) |
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| HCO3 | bicarbonate |
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| K | Potassium |
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| mEq | milliequivalent |
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| Mg | Magnesium |
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| mM | millimole |
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| Na | Sodium |
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| PO4 | phosphate |
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| SO4 | sulfate |
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| additive | substance added to a compounded preparation |
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| administration | delivery of a drug product to the body |
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| admixture | combination of 2 or more pharmaceutical products for administration as a unit |
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| compounding | preparation of a drug for dispensing pursuant to a practitioner’s order |
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| formulary | approved drug list for an organization or institution |
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| microorganism | microscopic living organism |
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| parenteral | administration via a route outside the alimentary tract |
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| pyrogen | substance that causes fever |
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| route | the way in which a drug is delivered to the body |
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| sterile | free of microorganisms and microbial byproducts |
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| PharmD | Doctor of Pharmacy |
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| active ingredient | substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease |
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| aseptic technique | procedures followed under controlled conditions in a manner that minimizes chance of contamination by introduction of microorganisms |
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| ampule | sealed glass container which must be broken to remove the fluid it contains |
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| bevel | diagonal cut of a needle shaft |
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| coring | dislodging part of the stopper of a vial or an injection port into the solution inside the container |
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| flange | rim around the barrel of a syringe |
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| gauge | designation of needle size (higher for a finer needle) |
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| hub | Part of the needle to which a syringe can be attached |
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| injection port | Part of a plastic IV fluid bag designed to allow injection of medication |
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| Luer lock | threaded tip on many syringes to hold needle in place |
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| lumen | hollow bore of a needle shaft |
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| plunger | piston-type rod with cone-shaped tip inside the syringe barrel |
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| vial | glass or plastic container sealed with a rubber or synthetic stopper |
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| Policy and Procedure Manual | Document detailing how things are done at a particular site or workplace |
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| IVPB | intravenous piggyback |
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| LVP | large volume parenteral (> 250 mL) |
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| PPE | personal protective (or protection) equipment |
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| SVP | small volume parenteral (< 250 mL) |
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| critical work surface | space between the HEPA filter and the sterile product being prepared |
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| HEPA filter | High Efficiency Particulate Air filter (removes 99.97% of all airborne particles > 0.3 μm) |
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| ISO Class 5 | having fewer than 100 particles > 0.5 microns per cubic foot |
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| micron | one millionth of a meter (0.001 mm or 0.00004 inches) |
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| USP 797 | official document detailing procedures and requirements for compounding sterile preparations |
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| vehicle | substance, often without therapeutic action, used as a carrier for an active ingredient |
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| ASHP | American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |
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| CAI | Compounding Aseptic Isolator |
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| IPA | Isopropyl alcohol |
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| LAFW | Laminar AirFlow Workbench |
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| SWFI | Sterile water for injection |
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| Aqueous (aq.) | having water as the only (or primary) solvent |
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| beyond-use date (BUD) | date by which a preparation should be used or returned to the pharmacy |
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| diluent | liquid added to a product during reconstitution or dilution |
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| expiration date | last date on which unopened product may be used, assigned by manufacturer |
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| reconstitution | process of adding liquid to a drug in powder form |
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| solution | one-phase homogeneous system in which a solute is dispersed in a solvent in molecular or ionic sized particles. |
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| D.O. | Doctor of Osteopathy |
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| M.D. | Medical Doctor |
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| buffer capacity | Ability of solution to resist change in pH when acidic or basic substances are added |
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| clarity | Confirmation that medication is completely dissolved and solution free of particulate matter. |
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| isotonic | Describes concentration of dissolved substances approximating that of red blood cells. |
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| hypertonic | Describes a concentration of dissolved substances higher than that of red blood cells. |
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| precipitation | Formation of solid particles that settle out of a solution |
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| stability | Extent to which compound retains the properties it possessed at the time of admixture |
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| pH | Indicates the degree of acidity of a solution |
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| maintenance therapy | IV solutions given to supply a patient’s routine fluid and electrolyte needs |
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| replacement therapy | IV solutions given to restore fluids when patients have losses from trauma or burns |
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| incompatibility | Physicochemical phenomenon which results in an undesirable change in an admixture |
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| hypotonic | Describes a concentration of dissolved substances lower than that of red blood cells. |
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| continuous infusion | administration of larger volumes over several hours at a slow, constant rate |
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| enteral | Via or involving the alimentary (digestive) tract |
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| Home care | Pharmacy practice that provides IV medications and services to outpatients. |
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| injection | administration of a relatively small volume directly from a syringe |
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| intermittent infusion | administration of medication doses at periodic intervals |
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| IV Push | intravenous injection over a short period |
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| parenteral | Bypassing the alimentary tract (injections, inhalations, etc) |
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| subcutaneous injection | injection of a drug or implantation of a device beneath the surface of the skin |
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| prophylaxis | disease prevention |
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| generic name | name of a drug which is common no matter what company manufactures it. |
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| indication | reason, condition, or use for which a drug is prescribed |
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| brand name | trademarked name owned by an individual manufacturer |
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| central vein | large vein near the heart |
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| macronutrients | amino acids, dextrose, and lipids (form “base solution” for nutrient admixture) |
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| micronutrients | electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements added to parenteral nutrition solutions |
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| peripheral vein | smaller vein further from the heart (e.g., arm, leg) |
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| TNA | Total Nutrient Admixture |
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| TPN | Total Parenteral Nutrition |
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| trace elements | elements needed by the body in very small amounts, including zinc, chromium, copper, manganese, selenium, iodine and molybdenum |
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| antineoplastic | inhibiting or killing tumor cells (“against cancer”) |
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| biological safety cabinet | a sterile environment for safe manipulation of cytotoxic and biohazardous materials |
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| cytotoxic | poisonous to cells, preventing their reproduction or growth |
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| oncologist | physician who specializes in cancer treatment |
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| ALARA | As little as reasonably achievable |
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| CACI | Compounding aseptic containment isolator |
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| CSTD | Closed system drug transfer device |
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| HD | Hazardous drug |
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| IVIG | intravenous immune globulin |
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| MPF | Methylparaben-Free (preservative free) |
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| NIOSH | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
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| PEC | Primary engineering control |
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| SCA | Segregated compounding area |
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| End product validation | Visual inspection to ensure the absence of particulates in solutions,absence of leakage from vials or bags, accuracy of labeling, review to ensure correct ingredients/amounts; sometimes batch sampling |
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| Media fill challenge test | process simulation with a medium that supports microbial growth |
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| Process validation | Mechanism of ensuring that processes consistently result in sterile products of acceptable quality |
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| Quality assurance | Process to ensure that products or services meet appropriate or predetermined standards |
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| List the 5 “rights” of Pharmacy Quality | Patient, medication, dose, time, route of administration |
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| ADD-vantage | diluent container which mates with threaded drug vial for point-of care activation |
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| autoclave | sterilizing device which subjects its contents to a combination of heat and high pressure |
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| closed transfer packaging | Needle-less system for dispensing drug with vehicle for point-of care reconstitution |
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| Mini-Bag Plus | point-of-care activated delivery system consisting of a diluent container with a built-in vial adapter |
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| Three main functions of the laminar air flow workbench fans and filters | provides clean air in the working area and prevents room air from entering the working area | suspends and removes contaminants introduced by materials or personnel
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| Isotonic solution examples | D5W, NS, LR, Ringer’s |
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| List four routes of administration (other than intravenous) requiring sterile products, | intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intrathecal, epidural | ophthalmic, inhalation, intranasal
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of IV administration | Advantages - most rapid onset of action, can be used for irritating drugs, completely available to the body | Disadvantages - requires skills and equipment to administer, may cause complications (emboli, thrombosis, phlebitis, infiltration, extravasation )
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| Parts of NDC number | AAAA-BBBB-CC AAAA - labeler code (manufacturer or repackager) | BBBB - product code - drug, dosage form, and dose
CC - package code (package size)
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| overfill | Contents of IV bag in excess of labeled volume which must be removed for precision drips |
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| PCA | Patient-controlled Analgesia |
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| Two types of whole protein injections | immune globulins | clotting factors
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| precautions used with whole protein injections | Do not shake or use NS, follow instructions |
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| Two routes of intraspinal administration | intrathecal, epidural |
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| Two indications for instraspinal administration | pain, spasticity |
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| Which facilities and equipment must be certified/verified for air quality? | PECs, buffer and ante rooms |
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| 2 examples of non-injectable sterile preparations compounded in pharmacy | ophthalmic, irrigation, inhalation, dialysis solution |
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| 2 uses for irrigation solutions | bladder care, wound care, surgical procedures |
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| Pore size of filter used for sterilization | 0.22 μm (micron) |
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| Two advantages of closed-transfer packaging | Vial stays attached for identification | LAFW and refrigeration unnecessary, reduces waste,
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| Two disadvantages of closed-transfer packaging | require training for use | limited drugs/doses/sizes
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| Aseptic Technique principles (2): | DO NOT use syringes whose gradations are greater than twice the precision of the volume being measured because syringes are accurate only to one-half of the smallest increment of the barrel markings | Choose a syringe the next size larger than the volume being measured. Ideally, the syringe should be filled to between 50% and 90% of its capacity.
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