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PHM 1350 Final Pt 2
Study Guide - Terms/Abbreviations
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| bid | twice a day | |
| d | day | |
| h | hour | |
| IV | intravenous(ly) | |
| npo | nothing by mouth | |
| q | every | |
| q3h | every 3 hours | |
| qid | four times a day | |
| qod | every other day | |
| tid | three times a day | |
| Ca | Calcium | |
| Cl | Chlorine (Chloride) | |
| HCO3 | bicarbonate | |
| K | Potassium | |
| mEq | milliequivalent | |
| Mg | Magnesium | |
| mM | millimole | |
| Na | Sodium | |
| PO4 | phosphate | |
| SO4 | sulfate | |
| additive | substance added to a compounded preparation | |
| administration | delivery of a drug product to the body | |
| admixture | combination of 2 or more pharmaceutical products for administration as a unit | |
| compounding | preparation of a drug for dispensing pursuant to a practitioner’s order | |
| formulary | approved drug list for an organization or institution | |
| microorganism | microscopic living organism | |
| parenteral | administration via a route outside the alimentary tract | |
| pyrogen | substance that causes fever | |
| route | the way in which a drug is delivered to the body | |
| sterile | free of microorganisms and microbial byproducts | |
| PharmD | Doctor of Pharmacy | |
| active ingredient | substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease | |
| aseptic technique | procedures followed under controlled conditions in a manner that minimizes chance of contamination by introduction of microorganisms | |
| ampule | sealed glass container which must be broken to remove the fluid it contains | |
| bevel | diagonal cut of a needle shaft | |
| coring | dislodging part of the stopper of a vial or an injection port into the solution inside the container | |
| flange | rim around the barrel of a syringe | |
| gauge | designation of needle size (higher for a finer needle) | |
| hub | Part of the needle to which a syringe can be attached | |
| injection port | Part of a plastic IV fluid bag designed to allow injection of medication | |
| Luer lock | threaded tip on many syringes to hold needle in place | |
| lumen | hollow bore of a needle shaft | |
| plunger | piston-type rod with cone-shaped tip inside the syringe barrel | |
| vial | glass or plastic container sealed with a rubber or synthetic stopper | |
| Policy and Procedure Manual | Document detailing how things are done at a particular site or workplace | |
| IVPB | intravenous piggyback | |
| LVP | large volume parenteral (> 250 mL) | |
| PPE | personal protective (or protection) equipment | |
| SVP | small volume parenteral (< 250 mL) | |
| critical work surface | space between the HEPA filter and the sterile product being prepared | |
| HEPA filter | High Efficiency Particulate Air filter (removes 99.97% of all airborne particles > 0.3 μm) | |
| ISO Class 5 | having fewer than 100 particles > 0.5 microns per cubic foot | |
| micron | one millionth of a meter (0.001 mm or 0.00004 inches) | |
| USP 797 | official document detailing procedures and requirements for compounding sterile preparations | |
| vehicle | substance, often without therapeutic action, used as a carrier for an active ingredient | |
| ASHP | American Society of Health-System Pharmacists | |
| CAI | Compounding Aseptic Isolator | |
| IPA | Isopropyl alcohol | |
| LAFW | Laminar AirFlow Workbench | |
| SWFI | Sterile water for injection | |
| Aqueous (aq.) | having water as the only (or primary) solvent | |
| beyond-use date (BUD) | date by which a preparation should be used or returned to the pharmacy | |
| diluent | liquid added to a product during reconstitution or dilution | |
| expiration date | last date on which unopened product may be used, assigned by manufacturer | |
| reconstitution | process of adding liquid to a drug in powder form | |
| solution | one-phase homogeneous system in which a solute is dispersed in a solvent in molecular or ionic sized particles. | |
| D.O. | Doctor of Osteopathy | |
| M.D. | Medical Doctor | |
| buffer capacity | Ability of solution to resist change in pH when acidic or basic substances are added | |
| clarity | Confirmation that medication is completely dissolved and solution free of particulate matter. | |
| isotonic | Describes concentration of dissolved substances approximating that of red blood cells. | |
| hypertonic | Describes a concentration of dissolved substances higher than that of red blood cells. | |
| precipitation | Formation of solid particles that settle out of a solution | |
| stability | Extent to which compound retains the properties it possessed at the time of admixture | |
| pH | Indicates the degree of acidity of a solution | |
| maintenance therapy | IV solutions given to supply a patient’s routine fluid and electrolyte needs | |
| replacement therapy | IV solutions given to restore fluids when patients have losses from trauma or burns | |
| incompatibility | Physicochemical phenomenon which results in an undesirable change in an admixture | |
| hypotonic | Describes a concentration of dissolved substances lower than that of red blood cells. | |
| continuous infusion | administration of larger volumes over several hours at a slow, constant rate | |
| enteral | Via or involving the alimentary (digestive) tract | |
| Home care | Pharmacy practice that provides IV medications and services to outpatients. | |
| injection | administration of a relatively small volume directly from a syringe | |
| intermittent infusion | administration of medication doses at periodic intervals | |
| IV Push | intravenous injection over a short period | |
| parenteral | Bypassing the alimentary tract (injections, inhalations, etc) | |
| subcutaneous injection | injection of a drug or implantation of a device beneath the surface of the skin | |
| prophylaxis | disease prevention | |
| generic name | name of a drug which is common no matter what company manufactures it. | |
| indication | reason, condition, or use for which a drug is prescribed | |
| brand name | trademarked name owned by an individual manufacturer | |
| central vein | large vein near the heart | |
| macronutrients | amino acids, dextrose, and lipids (form “base solution” for nutrient admixture) | |
| micronutrients | electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements added to parenteral nutrition solutions | |
| peripheral vein | smaller vein further from the heart (e.g., arm, leg) | |
| TNA | Total Nutrient Admixture | |
| TPN | Total Parenteral Nutrition | |
| trace elements | elements needed by the body in very small amounts, including zinc, chromium, copper, manganese, selenium, iodine and molybdenum | |
| antineoplastic | inhibiting or killing tumor cells (“against cancer”) | |
| biological safety cabinet | a sterile environment for safe manipulation of cytotoxic and biohazardous materials | |
| cytotoxic | poisonous to cells, preventing their reproduction or growth | |
| oncologist | physician who specializes in cancer treatment | |
| ALARA | As little as reasonably achievable | |
| CACI | Compounding aseptic containment isolator | |
| CSTD | Closed system drug transfer device | |
| HD | Hazardous drug | |
| IVIG | intravenous immune globulin | |
| MPF | Methylparaben-Free (preservative free) | |
| NIOSH | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | |
| PEC | Primary engineering control | |
| SCA | Segregated compounding area | |
| End product validation | Visual inspection to ensure the absence of particulates in solutions,absence of leakage from vials or bags, accuracy of labeling, review to ensure correct ingredients/amounts; sometimes batch sampling | |
| Media fill challenge test | process simulation with a medium that supports microbial growth | |
| Process validation | Mechanism of ensuring that processes consistently result in sterile products of acceptable quality | |
| Quality assurance | Process to ensure that products or services meet appropriate or predetermined standards | |
| List the 5 “rights” of Pharmacy Quality | Patient, medication, dose, time, route of administration | |
| ADD-vantage | diluent container which mates with threaded drug vial for point-of care activation | |
| autoclave | sterilizing device which subjects its contents to a combination of heat and high pressure | |
| closed transfer packaging | Needle-less system for dispensing drug with vehicle for point-of care reconstitution | |
| Mini-Bag Plus | point-of-care activated delivery system consisting of a diluent container with a built-in vial adapter | |
| Three main functions of the laminar air flow workbench fans and filters | provides clean air in the working area and prevents room air from entering the working area | suspends and removes contaminants introduced by materials or personnel |
| Isotonic solution examples | D5W, NS, LR, Ringer’s | |
| List four routes of administration (other than intravenous) requiring sterile products, | intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intrathecal, epidural | ophthalmic, inhalation, intranasal |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of IV administration | Advantages - most rapid onset of action, can be used for irritating drugs, completely available to the body | Disadvantages - requires skills and equipment to administer, may cause complications (emboli, thrombosis, phlebitis, infiltration, extravasation ) |
| Parts of NDC number | AAAA-BBBB-CC AAAA - labeler code (manufacturer or repackager) | BBBB - product code - drug, dosage form, and dose CC - package code (package size) |
| overfill | Contents of IV bag in excess of labeled volume which must be removed for precision drips | |
| PCA | Patient-controlled Analgesia | |
| Two types of whole protein injections | immune globulins | clotting factors |
| precautions used with whole protein injections | Do not shake or use NS, follow instructions | |
| Two routes of intraspinal administration | intrathecal, epidural | |
| Two indications for instraspinal administration | pain, spasticity | |
| Which facilities and equipment must be certified/verified for air quality? | PECs, buffer and ante rooms | |
| 2 examples of non-injectable sterile preparations compounded in pharmacy | ophthalmic, irrigation, inhalation, dialysis solution | |
| 2 uses for irrigation solutions | bladder care, wound care, surgical procedures | |
| Pore size of filter used for sterilization | 0.22 μm (micron) | |
| Two advantages of closed-transfer packaging | Vial stays attached for identification | LAFW and refrigeration unnecessary, reduces waste, |
| Two disadvantages of closed-transfer packaging | require training for use | limited drugs/doses/sizes |
| Aseptic Technique principles (2): | DO NOT use syringes whose gradations are greater than twice the precision of the volume being measured because syringes are accurate only to one-half of the smallest increment of the barrel markings | Choose a syringe the next size larger than the volume being measured. Ideally, the syringe should be filled to between 50% and 90% of its capacity. |
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