Cardiac
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| aberrant conduction | an abnormal conduction of the electrical impulse through the heart's conductive system
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| absolute refractory period | period of the cardiac cycle when stimulation will not produce any depolarization
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| action potential | stimulation of myocardial cells that subsequently spreads across the myocardium
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| acute arterial occlusion | sudden occlusion of arterial blood flow
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| acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | spectrum of coronary artery disease processes from myocardial ischemia and myocardial injury to myocardial infarction
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| acute pulmonary embolism | blockage that occurs when a blood clot or other particle lodges in a pulmonary artery
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| afterload | resistance against which the heart must pump
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| anastomosis | communication b/w two or more vessels
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| aneurysm | dilation of a blood vessel
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| angina pectoris | chest pain that results when the heart's oxygen requirements exceed oxygen supply available from blood
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| arrhythmia | any deviation from the normal electrical rhythm of the heart
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| arteriosclerosis | progressive, degenerative disease of the midsize and large arteries
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| augmented leads | another term for unipolar limb leads, reflecting the fact that the ground lead is disconnected, which increases the amplitude of deflection of the ECG tracing
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| automaticity | pacemaker cells' capability of self-depolarization
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| bipolar leads | electrocardiogram leads applied to the arms and legs that contain two electrodes of opposite polarity (positive and negative)
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| bradycardia | heart rate less than 60 bpm
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| bruit | sound of turbulent flood flow through a vessel
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| bundle branch block | kind of interventricular heart block in which conduction through either the right or left bundle branch is blocked or delayed
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| bundle of Kent | an accessory AV conduction pathway that is thought to be responsible for ECG findings of preexcitation syndrome
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| cardiac arrest | absence of ventricular contraction
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| cardiac cycle | period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next
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| cardiac depolarization | reversal of charges at a cell membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes positive in relation of the outside; opposite of the cell's resting state
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| cardiac output | amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
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| cardiac tamponade | accumulation of excess fluid inside the pericardium
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| cardiogenic shock | inability of the heart to meet the metabolic needs of the body, resulting in inadequate perfusion
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| cardiovascular disease (CVD) | disease affecting the heart, peripheral blood vessels, or both
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| chronotrophy | pertaining to heart rate
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| claudication | severe pain in the calf muscle due to inadequate blood supply
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| compensatory pause | pause following an ectopic beat where the SA node is unaffected and the cadence of the heart is uninterrupted
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| conductivity | ability of the cells to propagate the electrical impulse from one cell to another
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) | condition in which the heart's reduced stroke volume causes an overload of fluid in the body's other tissues
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| contractility | ability of muscle cells to contract, or shorten
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) | type of CVD; single largest killer of Americans
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| corrected QT | QT interval divided by the square root of the RR interval
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| coupling interval | distance b/w the preceding beat and the PVC
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| current of injury (injury current) | the flow of current b/w the pathologically depolarized area of myocardial injury and the normally depolarized areas of the myocardium
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| cystic medial necrosis | death or degeneration of a part of an artery wall
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| deep venous thrombosis | a blood clot in a vein
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| defibrillation | process of passing an electrical current through a fibrillating heart to depolarize a critical mass of myocardial cells
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| diastole | period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur
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| dissecting aortic aneurysm | aneurysm caused when blood gets b/w and separates the layers of the aortic wall
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| downtime | duration from the beginning of the cardiac arrest until effective CPR is established
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| dromotrophy | pertaining to the speed of impulse transmission
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| ectopic beat | cardiac depolarization resulting from depolarization of ectopic focus
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| ectopic focus | nonpacemaker heart cell that automatically depolarizes
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| Einthoven's triangle | triangle around the heart formed by the bipolar limb leads
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| ejection fraction | ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole
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| electrocardiogram (ECG) | graphic recording of the heart's electrical activity
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| excitability | ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus
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| heart failure | clinical syndrome in which the heart's mechanical performance is compromised so that cardiac output cannot meet the body's needs
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| hypertensive emergency | an acute elevation of blood pressure that requires the blood pressure to be lowered w/in 1 hour
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| hypertrophy | stretching; enlargement w/o any additional cells
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| indeterminate axis | a calculated axis of the heart's electrical energy from -90 to -180 degrees
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| induced therapeutic hypothermia (ITH) | practice of cooling survivors of cardiac arrest in the immediate post resuscitation period
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| inotrophy | pertaining to cardiac contractile force
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| intercalated discs | specialized bands of tissue inserted b/w myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential is spread from cell to cell
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| interpolated beat | PVC that falls b/w two sinus beats w/o effectively interrupting this rhythm
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| left axis deviation | calculated axis of the heart's electrical energy that equals or exceeds -30 degrees
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| limb leads | augmented leads; bipolar leads; unipolar leads
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| myocardial infarction (MI) | death and subsequent necrosis of the heart muscle caused by inadequate blood supply
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| myocardial injury | injury to the myocardium typically following myocardial ischemia that results from loss of blood and oxygen supply
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| myocardial ischemia | deprivation of oxygen and other nutrients to the myocardium, causing abnormalities in repolarization
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| myoglobin | similar to hemoglobin, it is released into circulation when skeletal or cardiac muscle is damaged
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| noncompensatory pause | pause following an ectopic beat where the SA node is depolarized and the underlying cadence of the heart is interrupted
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| normal sinus rhythm | normal heart rhythm
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| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) | sudden episode of difficult breathing that occurs after lying down
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| peripheral arterial atherosclerotic disease | progressive degenerative disease of the midsize and large arteries
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| Poiseuille's law | law of physiology stating that flood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the fourth power
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| precordial (chest) leads | electrocardiogram leads applied to the chest in a patter than permits a view of the horizontal plane of the heart, leads V1-V6
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| preload | pressure w/in the ventricles at the end of diastole; commonly called end-diastolic volume
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| Prinzmetal's angina | variant of angina pectoris caused by vasospasm of the coronary arteries
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| prolonged QT interval | QT greater than 0.44 sec
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| pulmonary embolism (PE) | blood clot in one of the pulmonary arteries
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| QRS axis | reduction of all the heart's electrical forces to a single vector represented by an arrow moving in a single plane
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| QT interval | period from the beginning of the QRS to the end of the T wave
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| reciprocal | mirror image seen typically on the opposite wall of the injured area
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| refractory period | period of time when myocardial cells have not yet completely repolarized and cannot by stimulated again
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| relative refractory period | period of the cardiac cycle when a sufficiently strong stimulus may produce depolarization
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| repolarization | return to a muscle cell to its preexcitation resting state
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| resting potential | normal electrical state of cardiac cells
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| resuscitation | provision of efforts to return a spontaneous pulse and breathing
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| return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) | resuscitation results in the patient's having a spontaneous pulse
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| rhythm strip | electrocardiogram printout
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| right axis deviation | a calculated axis of the heart's electrical energy that equals or exceeds +105 degrees
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| Starling's law of the heart | law of physiology stating that the more the myocardium is stretched, the more forceful the contraction will be
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| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction
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| subendocardial infarction | myocardial infarction that affects only the deeper levels of the myocardium
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| sudden death | death w/in 1 hour after onset of symptoms
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| survival | when a patient is resuscitated and survives to be discharged from the hospital
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| synchronized cardioversion | the passage of an electric current through the heart during a specific part of the cardiac cycle to terminate certain kinds of dysrhythmias
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| syncytium | group of cardiac muscle cells that physiologically function as a unit
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| systole | period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting
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| tachycardia | rapid heart rate greater than 100 bpm
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| total downtime | duration from the beginning of the arrest until the patient's delivery to the emergency department
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| transmural infarction | myocardial infarction that affects the full thickness of the myocardium and almost always results in a pathological Q wave in the affected leads
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| unipolar leads | electrocardiogram leads applied to the arms and legs, consisting of one polarized electrode and a nonpolarized reference point that is created by the ECG machine combining two additional electrodes
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| varicose veins | dilated superficial veins, usually in lower extremities
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| vasculitis | inflammation of blood vessels
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| vector | a force that has both magnitude and direction
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