foundation GCSE and iGCSE waves
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| A TRANSVERSE wave has vibrations that | are at right angles to the direction of travel of the wave.
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| You find crests and troughs in a | transverse wave
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| A LONGITUDINAL (or compression) wave has vibrations that | are parallel to the direction of travel of the wave.
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| You find compressions and rarefactions in a | longitudinal wave.
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| One noisy example of a longitudinal wave is | sound.
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| One wet example of a transverse wave is | surface water waves.
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| Frequency is defined as | the number of vibrations (or waves) per second.
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| The unit of frequency is | Hertz (Hz)
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| Speed is defined as | distance travelled per second.
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| Units for speed could be | metres per second or cm/s
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| Wavelength is the distance from crest to | crest.
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| The symbol for wavelength is the Greek letter called | lambda (= lower case L)
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| The wave equation is velocity (or speed) = | frequency times wavelength.
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| We can calculate frequency from | velocity (or speed) divided by wavelength.
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| Take speed of sound = 300 m/s. If it is 5 seconds between seeing lightning and hearing thunder, then the distance away is | speed times time = 1500 metres.
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| If a water wave has a frequency of 6 Hz, and a wavelength of 2 cm, its speed is | 12 cm/s
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| If a sound wave in water travels at 1000 m/s and its frequency is 2000 Hz then its wavelength is | 0.5 m
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| Lowest frequency for normal human hearing = | 20 Hz
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| Highest frequency for normal human hearing = | 20 000 Hz = 20 kiloHertz
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| Sound with frequency greater than 20 kHz is called | ultrasound
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| Sound with frequency lower than 20 Hz is called | infrasound
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| Speeds greater than the speed of sound are called | supersonic.
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| Echo is a word for | sound reflection.
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| Sonar is a system that uses sound reflections to measure | distance.
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| If sound in seawater travels at 1000 m/s and a pulse takes 5 seconds to return from the sea bottom the depth is | 2500 m (remember it goes there and back)
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| Ultrasound scans use ultrasound because it has a small | wavelength.
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| Dish shaped (inside of dish!) reflectors are called | concave.
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| Refraction is change of direction because of | change of speed.
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| Name for wave spreading out as it goes through gap is | diffraction.
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| If the gap is wide compared with wavelength then the amount of diffraction is | small.
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| Sound diffracts through doorways, light doesn't because | wavelength of sound is much larger than wavelength of light.
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| We ignore the time for the light to travel compared with the sound because | light travels a million times faster than sound.
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| You can't hear sound on the Moon because | there is no air on the Moon.
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| Does a water wave travel more slowly or faster in more shallow water? | more slowly.
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| What causes a wave? | vibrations
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