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OB nursing

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Question
Answer
What is an abortion   End of the pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation  
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Spontaneous abortion: Early   "miscarriage" of the pregnancy before 12 weeks gestation  
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Spontaneous abortion: Late   "miscarriage" of the pregnancy between 12-20 weeks gestation  
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Causes of early spontaneous abortions   Infections, genetic problems, autoimmune diseases, endocrine imbalances  
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Causes of late spontaneous abortions   Maternal causes: age, nutrition, drug use, chronic infection, incompetent cervix  
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Threatened abortion   Bleeding with no cervical changes. Can be treated and reversed.  
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Inevitable abortion   Bleeding, cramping, with cervical changes. Cannot be stopped  
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Incomplete abortion   Abortion where some of the products of conception are left behind.  
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Risks and treatment for incomplete abortion   Risk of infection and hemorrhaging; treat with D&C (dilation and certage)  
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Complete abortion   abortion where all of the products of conception are expelled  
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Missed abortion   The fetus passes away, but the body retains the contents. s/s include brownish discharge  
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Recurrent abortions   Three or more consecutive abortions; when this is happening look at WHY it is happening (genetics, incompetent cervix, infections, ect.)  
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Treatments for patients with abortion   Monitor bleeding, vaginal rest (no tampons/sex), vital signs, bed rest, emotional support; biggest risks are infection and Hypovolemic shock  
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What is the treatment for an incompetent cervix   Cerclage: stitch cervix to keep from dilation; make sure to cut the stitches before L&D start  
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What are nursing considerations for reoccurring abortions   refer to genetic counseling  
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What is ectopic pregnancy   When the embryo implants outside the uterus; commonly the fallopian tubes but could be anywhere.  
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A patient presents with one-sided abdominal pain, light vaginal bleeding and referred shoulder pain, what you expect   Ectopic pregnancy  
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s/s of ectopic pregnancy   One-sided abdominal pain, light bleeding, referred shoulder pain, and s/s of Hypovolemic shock (rigid abdomen)  
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How is ectopic pregnancy diagnosed   ultrasound  
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What is the treatment for ectopic pregnancy   Laparoscopy: removal of the products of conception while trying to save the fallopian tube  
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What is PTL (preterm labor)   Start of labor between 20-37 weeks gestation  
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What is the #1 cause of PTL   Infection: UTI  
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s/s of preterm labor   PPROM; contractions, bloody show, lower back pain, flu-like symptoms, pelvic pressure (lightening), cervical changes, engagement  
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A 26 week gestation patient calls her doctor complaining of body aches and flu-like symptoms; what should you do   Have her come in to be seen; these are signs of PTL  
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What is fetal fibronectin (FFN) used for and the considerations   Determining risk of PTL; it is expensive and not very accurate  
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What WBC count signals infection   >18,000  
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When should fetal lung maturity testing be done for patients with PTL   Only after 34 weeks gestation  
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A 30 week gestation patient comes in with s/s of PTL; should fetal lung maturity testing be done?   No; only after 34 weeks  
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Interventions for patients in PTL   IV fluids, abx to treat any infections, medication to stop contractions or delivery if >34 weeks or ROM  
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What are tocolytic agents used for   Stops contractions in PTL  
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Magnesium Sulfate (for PTL): Nursing considerations   Relaxes smooth muscle; must be administered via IV pump; monitor for magnesium toxicity; monitor VS closely; monitor serum mg levels  
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s/s of magnesium toxicity   Loss of DTR; depressed cardiac and respiratory function (acts on CNS in brain); flushing, sweating, flaccid paralysis  
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What is the therapeutic range for magnesium sulfate serum for PTL   4-6 mEq/L  
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A patient on magnesium sulfate has loss of DTR; what would you expect the magnesium serum to be   10 mEq/L  
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A patient on mag sulfate has respiratory depression; what you expect the mag serum level to be   15 mEq/L  
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A patient on mag sulfate goes into cardiac arrest; what must the mag serum level be   25 mEq/L  
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What is the antidote for magnesium sulfate   Calcium gluconate  
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Terbutaline (for PTL): nursing considerations   Monitor HR closely; *do not give if HR >100  
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What are the side effects of Terbutaline (for PTL)   Tachycardia, nervousness, tremors, decreased potassium & cardiac arrhythmia  
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Indocin (for PTL): nursing considerations   NSAID (blocks prostaglandins); only used in less than 32 weeks gestation; hold if patient has signs of pulmonary edema  
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Side effects for Indocin (for PTL)   Pulmonary edema  
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PROM   ROM before start of contractions and after 38 weeks: must delivery baby within 48 hours  
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PPROM   ROM before start of contractions and before 38 weeks  
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Risks associated with PROM/PPROM   Infection; prolapsed cord  
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Uterine irritability   Mild, frequent contractions; can decrease perfusion to the baby  
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What is fetal tachycardia indicative of   infection  
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When performing contraction monitoring you should use electronic monitoring AND palpation; true/false   true  
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What do fetal lung maturity screens look for   Maturity of aveoli and sufficient surfactant production  
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What are nursing considerations for PROM patients   NO routine pelvic exams (risk of infection); start IV abx at 24h  
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cardinal signs of pre-ecclampsia   HTN and proteinuria  
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what is HELLP   destruction of RBC; elevated liver enzymes; decreased platelets (r/t pre-E)  
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ecclampsia   seizures or coma during pregnancy (severe) with s/s of pre-E  
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chronic HTN   HTN the existed before pregnancy; managed with medications  
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chronic HTN with superimposed pre-E   Pt had HTN before pregnancy and develops proteinuria during the pregnancy  
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Transient HTN/PIH (pregnancy induced HTN)   HTN that develops during pregnancy without proteinuria: predisposes pt to chronic HTN later in life  
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s/s of Pre-E   HTN (rise greater than 10% above baseline), proteinuria, increased DTR (+3/4), edema, headaches, blurred vision, epigastric (RUQ) pain, oliguria  
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why do pts with pre-E have proteinuria   tissue damage in liver/kidneys releases protein; damage to kidneys decreases filtering ability = proteinuria  
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why do pts with pre-E have hemolysis   vasospasms damage and increased vascular resistance damage RBC = RBC destruction and decreased organ perfusion  
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why do pts with pre-E have increased liver enzymes   liver damage causes liver swelling and release of liver enzymes  
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Diagnosing Pre-E   monitoring BP 2x/day; 24 hour UA; subjective data analysis  
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s/s of severe pre-E   4+ DTR, clonus, edema, oliguria (<30mL/h), blurred vision, epigastric pain, thrombocytopenia, pulmonary edema, numbness in hands/feet  
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What are some fetal complications with pre-E   decreased placental perfusion, hypoxia, IUGR, PTL  
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how to obtain BP on a pt with pre-E   left lateral position; left arm (same position every time)  
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what is clonus   # beats after flexion of foot; indicated risk of seizures due to CNS irritability  
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nursing interventions for pre-E   monitor weights, BP, VS, edema, lung sounds (pulmonary edema), DTR, platelets, STRICT I&Os, seizure precautions  
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what is the biggest hepatic risk for a pt with pre-E   hepatic rupture = death  
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what does thrombocytopenia place a pt at risk for   DIC: hemorrhaging  
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what precautions should be in place for pre-E   seizure precautions (padded bedrails, suction & O2 at bedside); fall precautions (altered mental status)  
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Magnesium sulfate (for pre-E)   relaxes smooth muscle in brain to decrease CNS excitability (decrease seizure risk); and in uterus to increase blood flow (increase placental perfusion)  
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Normal side effects of mag sulfate   flushing and sweating  
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s/s of mag sulfate toxicity   N&V, depressed DTR, paralysis, hypocalcemia, depressed cardiac & respiratory function  
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antidote for mag sulfate   calcium gluconate  
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Treatment of ecclampsia (pt in active seizure)   code light, left lateral position, check ABCs, suction & O2 as needed, bolus with mag sulfate  
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normal control of blood sugar in early pregnancy   estrogen causes increase fluid retention; Hcg causes nausea and hypoglycemia  
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normal control of blood sugar during later pregnancy   HPL (human placental lactogen) causes increased insulin resistance to provide extra glucose to developing fetus  
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Macrosomia   LGA baby: >8#13oz  
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potential fetal complications of diabetes   SGA/LGA; placental insufficiency; heart, lung, and neural tube defects; hypoxic environment  
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potential newborn complications of diabetes   SGA/LGA baby; hypoglycemia; cold stress; ruddy appearance (RBC production); jaundice, respiratory distress  
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when is the glucose challenge test done   28 weeks gestation  
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a patient is doing the 3 hour glucose tolerance test and gets a 1 hour result of 175 is this normal   yes: 1 hour should be less than 180  
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Normal fasting, 1, 2, 3 hour results for GTT   95; 180; 155; 140  
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a patient taking the 3 hr GTT has a 2 hour result of 165 is this normal   no; 2 hour should be less than 155  
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a patient taking the 3 hour GTT has a 3 hour result of 150 is this normal   no; 3 hour should be less than 140  
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what is the treatment for pre-existing diabetes during pregnancy   insulin injections  
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what is the treatment for gestational diabetes   (1st) diet control and exercise; (if not working) insulin  
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fetal monitoring for diabetic patient   biophysical profile, fetal lung maturity testing, kick counts  
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Placenta previa   placenta implants low in the uterus; close to or covering the cervical oss  
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complete placenta previa   placenta completely covers the cervical oss; must deliver via C-section  
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partial placenta previa   placenta covers part of the cervical oss; must deliver via C-section  
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marginal placenta previa   placenta implants very close to the cervical oss; may be able to deliver vaginally  
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low-lying placenta and complications   placenta implants low in the uterus, not covering the cervical oss; placenta may prevent the fetus from getting into a vertex position and cause transverse lie = C-section  
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complications of placenta previa   placental damage, infection, and hemorrhaging  
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s/s of placenta previa   Bright red, painless bleeding (Frank blood) during 3rd trimester  
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nursing considerations for patients with placenta previa   NO pelvic exams (damages placenta); monitor blood loss; blood typing; insert 2 16/18 gauge IV lines incase blood transfusion is needed  
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Placenta abrupta   placenta begins to detach from the uterine wall causing bleeding and uterine hypoxia to the fetus  
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Placenta abrupta: central   placenta begins to separate in the middle with the edges still attached; may cause pain but with no bleeding  
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Placenta abrupta: marginal   placenta begins to separate along the edge of the placenta: may or may not cause vaginal bleeding  
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Diagnoses of placenta previa   ultrasound  
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placenta abrupta: complete   most dangerous: complete separation from the uterine wall. Causes maternal hemorrhaging and fetal death: Emergency C-section  
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s/s of placenta abrupta   sudden intense uterine pain, uterus becomes rigid, DARK RED vaginal bleeding, contractions that don't relax; fetal distress (late decels)  
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SGA baby   Preterm, full term, or post date baby that falls below the 10th percentile at birth  
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What are the expected findings of an SGA baby at birth   Ruddy appearance (jaundice), low apgar scores, hypoglycemic, poor thermoregulation, respiratory distress  
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Symmetrical SGA baby causes   Problems during early pregnancy such as chromosome abnormalities, exposure to toxins during development, or preexisting maternal conditions (diabetes)  
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What does a symmetrical SGA baby look like   Small body and head; proportional body: head size; likely to remain small throughout life  
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Asymmetrical SGA baby causes   Problems during late pregnancy (after 28 weeks): pre-E, gestational diabetes  
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What does an asymmetrical SGA baby look like   A big head and a small body; likely to catch up to normal size with proper nutrition  
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LGA baby; Macrosomia   Premature, full term, or post-date baby that is greater than the 90th percentile at birth (>8#13oz)  
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Expected findings of an LGA baby at birth   Ruddy appearance, lots of fat development, dystocia of the shoulder/clavicle, hypoglycemia, fat umbilical cord and placenta w/ enlarged organs (except brain)  
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Biggest risks for an SGA baby   Cold stress; respiratory distress; hypoglycemia  
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Biggest risks for an LGA baby   Dystocia; trauma during delivery  
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s/s of hypoglycemia in newborns   Persistent tremors, irritability, poor muscle tone, respiratory distress, poor thermoregulation  
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What does a post-date baby look like   Long and thin due to continued bone growth and loss of subQ fat; flaky/peeling skin due to loss of vernix and lanugo, green tinted skin due to processing meconium  
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What is labetalol used for   Control BP in pts with HTN during pregnancy  
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What is betamethasone used for   Fetal lung development and surfactant production  
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Pre- term babies   Delivery between 20-37 6/7 weeks gestation  
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What is the #1 cause of premature birth   Infection: UTI  
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What does a pre-term baby look like   Bigger heads with tiny bodies; frail, little fat stores; prominent eyes; unfinished development  
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What is an environmental concern for pre-term babies   Over stimulation: stress leads to hypoglycemia; cold stress; and respiratory distress  
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What is periodic breathing   Normal fluctuations in breathing patterns of newborns  
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What is apnea of the newborn (especially preemies)   Lack of breathing for >20-30 seconds  
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Positioning of the pre-term baby   Keep lateral or prone; NOT on back  
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Interventions for pre-term babies   Incubator, oxygen hood, warm blankets, tube feeding until suck reflex is developed, calm environment, monitor VS, I&Os, BS closely  
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Describe proper newborn suction technique   Suction the mouth first (angle the tip toward the cheeks not directly back) and then the nose; be careful not to damage the larynx  
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What is normal temperature range for preemie babies   36.3-36.9  
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Expected output for a preemies baby   1-3 mL/kg/hr  
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Risks for preemies babies   Dehydration (insensible fluid loss), cold stress (underdeveloped thermoregulation), hypoglycemia (poor feeding & stress), respiratory distress (hypoglycemia)  
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s/s of dehydration in a newborn   Decreased output, poor skin turgor, sunken fontanels, dry mucous membranes  
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s/s of cold stress in a newborn   Poor feeding, low temp, fatigue, irritability, cool skin with mottling  
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Nursing considerations for preemies babies   No tape, alcohol, or betadine used on these babies due to skin and endocrine sensitivity  
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Comfort measures (pain control) for pre-term babies   "squish" the baby, sucking, pain meds  
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What is DIC   The body uses up all available platelets and clotting factors and is no longer able to control bleeding; Life Threatening  
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s/s of DIC   Bleeding gums or nose, petechiae, excessive bleeding from IV sites/wounds, increased HR, decreased BP, decreased T, increased R  
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What will the labs of a pt with DIC look like   Decreased platelets and clotting factors, increased PT time, increased clotting time  
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Treatment of DIC   tx the cause of the DIC (infection, placental abruption, incomplete abortion); manage with packed RBC and plasma infusion  
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Fibrocystic breast condition   Begin, fluid-filled cysts in the breast tissue that are mobile and change with menstruation (painful); affects middle aged women  
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How do you diagnose fibrocystic breast condition   Biopsy of fluid to rule out cancer  
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Treatment of fibrocystic breast condition   Supportive bra, NSAIDs during menstruation, Vit. E supplement, diet changes; (severe) fluid aspiration  
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Fibroadenoma   Benign, solid masses in the upper-outer part of the breast; occurs in young people; does not change with menstruation  
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Endometriosis   Uterine cells located outside of the uterus inflame and slough with each menstrual cycle causing pain and tissue scarring  
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Complications of endometriosis   Tissue scarring, pain, infertility, increased risk of ectopic pregnancy  
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s/s of endometriosis   Heavy throbbing pain in abdomen and pelvis radiating down legs, painful intercourse (dyspareunia) and BMs, infertility  
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Treatment of endometriosis   Oral contraceptives and NSAIDs; hysterectomy (if done having children)  
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Follicular ovarian cyst   Failure of functional follicle to rupture; usually painless  
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Luteal ovarian cyst   Failure of corpus luteum to regress; painful, large, may inhibit menses  
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Diagnoses of ovarian cysts   Ultrasound; biopsy to rule out cancer  
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Treatment of luteal cysts   laparotomy to remove cyst  
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Uterine fibroid   Benign uterine tumor; can be very large and cause pregnancy complications  
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s/s of uterine fibroids   Enlarged uterine size, anemia, increased menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, bloating, urinary frequency  
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Treatment of uterine fibroids   Dependent of size and symptoms: myomectomy (fibroid removal); hysterectomy (sends pt into menopause), medications to reduce fibroid size (unpleasant side effects), embolization (destroy fibroid blood supply), Depo Vera injection (mimics pregnancy)  
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PMDD   Severe menstrual symptoms which provide only 7 days of no symptoms which eat cycle  
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s/s of PMDD   Bloating, breast tenderness, hot flashes, fatigue, depression, mood swings, anxiety  
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Treatment for PMDD   Vitamin B6 & E; Tums (Mg&Ca), Aldactone (tx fluid retention), NSAIDs (pain & inflammation), SSRI (tx depression), oral contraceptives (hormone balance)  
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Menopause   End of menstruation around age 51 years  
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Physical changes that occur with menopause   Atrophy of reproductive organs, dry skin, decreased lubrication, high cholesterol, hot flashes, fatigue  
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Side effects of estrogen replacement therapy   Increased risk of breast cancer and stroke  
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Treatment for menopause symptoms   Hormone replacement to decrease symptoms and decrease risk of osteoporosis  
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Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases   Infection of the upper genital tract (most commonly STDs)  
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Complications of pelvic inflammatory disease   Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, pain, tubal scarring  
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s/s of pelvic inflammatory disease   May be asymptomatic; pelvic pain, fever, purulent discharge, N&V (indicates sepsis); EXTREME pain with cervical/pelvic exam  
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Treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease   Antibiotics, and sex education  
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Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)   Serious staph infection in the vagina from poor feminine hygiene  
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s/s of TSS   Sudden high fever (104/105), N&V, sunburn-like rash, hypotension, coma, organ failure, peeling hands and feet  
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Treatment for TSS   Antibiotics, fluids, cardiac meds, education on PREVENTION  
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Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)   Overgrowth of normal flora in the vagina  
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s/s of BV   Intense itching, watery gray discharge with a fishy odor  
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Diagnoses of BV   Whiff test; microscope "clue" cells  
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Complication of Bacterial vaginosis   Increased risk of developing other STDs  
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Treatment of BV   Antibiotics; education of feminine hygiene  
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Yeast infection   Suppression of normal flora with overgrowth of yeast  
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s/s of yeast infection   Intense vaginal itching, cottage cheese odorless discharge, painful intercourse and urination  
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Treatment for yeast infection   Antifungal; Lotrimin  
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Cervical cancer   cancer of the superficial cells of the cervix  
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s/s of cervical cancer   Bleeding, referred leg/back pain, hematuria, bloody stools, anemia, and weight loss  
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Diagnoses of cervical cancer   Pap smear every 1-3 years  
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Treatment for cervical cancer   Radiation therapy; hysterectomy  
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Nursing care post-cervical biopsy   Vaginal rest (no sex/tampons), minor bleeding and cramping is normal  
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Prognosis of uterine cancer   Very slow growing; good outcomes usually; spreads through lymph system; difficult to treat once it spreads  
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Endometrial cancer   Cancer of the endometrial cells of the uterus  
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s/s of endometrial cancer   Abnormal uterine bleeding; lymph node enlargement; pleural effusion (fluid in lungs); abdominal masses; ascites (fluid in the abdomen); enlarged boggy uterus  
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Diagnoses of endometrial cancer   Assessment of uterus; ultrasound; biopsy; D  
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Treatment for endometrial cancer   Total hysterectomy; progesterone therapy for prevention  
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Ovarian Cancer   Small cell cancer of the ovary  
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s/s of ovarian cancer   (no symptoms until it is advanced) pain; increased abdominal size; bloating; poor appetite  
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Screening for ovarian cancer   No screening procedures; Silent killer  
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Treatment for ovarian cancer   radical hysterectomy followed with chemo and radiation  
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Prognosis for ovarian cancer   40% survival rate; this is not a good cancer to have  
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Infertility   Inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected sex  
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Primary infertility   The couple has never been able to conceive  
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Secondary infertility   The couple has been able to conceive before but cannot conceive again  
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Factors affecting infertility: Female   fallopian tube defects; lack of mature ovum; irregular menstruation; incompetent cervix; maternal endocrine problems (diabetes); immune response (lupus); chronic infection  
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Factors affecting infertility: Male   Inability to produce or ejaculate mature sperm, chromosome abnormalities; seminal fluid abnormalities  
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Interventions for infertility   Genetic counseling; thorough assessment; provide emotional support  
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Treatment for infertility   Clomide therapy; IVF; genetic counseling; surrogacy  
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Use & side effects of Clomide   Stimulates the ovaries to release more ovum; side effects: decreased cervical mucus, hot flashes, breast & pelvic pain, nausea  
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s/s of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome   Clomide: acute fluid shift into the third space (life threatening)  
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