Japanese Verbs: Saying What you Mean Grammar Quiz
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| yodan verb | end in u, ku, gu, su, tsu, nu, bu, mu, or ru
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| ichidan verb | end in either eru or iru
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| Base 3 Verb | plain verb or root verb e.g kau, aruku
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| Base 2 Verb (yodan) | yodan verb changed so they end in -i
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| Base 2 Verb (ichidan) | ichidan verb drops "ru" at end
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| Base 2 Verb +masu | the polite form of verbs. Used everywhere
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| Base 2 Verb+masen | the polite negative form of verbs. Used everywhere
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| Base 2 Verb+mashita | Mashita is used to change verbs to their past polite form
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| Base 2 Verb+masen desshita | polite negative past tense
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| Desu after nouns and adjective | acts like English be verbs
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| Da | plain form of desu used by kids and adults in casual situations
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| Iru and Aru | to be in a certain place or to exist. Iru is for people and animals and aru is for things.
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| Imasu and Arimasu | polite form of iru and aru
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| Inai and Nai | plain negative form or iru and aru
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| Base 2 Verb+tai | want to do something
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| Base 2 Verb+takunai | don't want to do something
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| Base 2 Verb+takereba | if you want to
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| Base 2 Verb+mashou | Let's (do something) or I'll do something for you
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| Base 2 Verb+nasai | command to do
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| Irregular Verb Base 2 form of kuru | ki
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| Irregular Verb Base 2 form of suru | shi
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| word+ka | turns the word to a question
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| Base 2 +ni iku | reason for going
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| Base 2+ ni kuru | reason for coming
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| Base 2+nikui | something is hard to do
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| Base 2+yasui | something is easy to do
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| Base 2+sugiru | to 'overdo' something
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| Base 2+nagara | while (doing something)
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| Base 1 verbs are used... | mainly for creating negative verb endings
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| Base 1 verb (yodan) ' | verb changed so that it ends in 'a
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| Base 1 verb (ichidan) | drops 'ru' at the end. (same as base 2)
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| Base 1+nai | change verbs to plain negative (informal)
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| Base 1+nai deshou | somebody is probably not going to do something or something is not likely to happen
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| Base 3+deshou | somebody is probably going to do something or something is probably going to happen
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| Base 1+nakatta | plain past tense (informal)
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| Base 1+nakereba | negative conditional sentences
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| Base 1+nakereba narimasen | must do or has to
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| Base 1+nakereba naranai deshou | probably has to or probably needs to
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| Base 1 (yodan)+seru | let/have/make someone do something
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| Base 1 (ichidan+irregular)+saseru | let/have/make someone do something
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| base 3+no wa (hanasu no wa) | make a noun out of a verb. Like adding -ing to a verb
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| base 3+node (kuru node) | reasons or causes...similar to kara but not as direct a relationship
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| base 3+ noni (iu noni) | in spite of
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| base 3+sou desu (ame furu sou desu) | things you've heard, understood to be, rumors, etc
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| base 3+tame ni (kau tame ni) | for the purpose of (to..)
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| base 3+to (natsu ni naru to) | when or if
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| base 3+to omoimasu (kaeru to omoimasu) | I think (you do know something)
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| base 3+tsumori (kaeru tsumori) | used to express intention
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| base3+you desu (ame ga furu you desu) | seems to
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| base 4+ba (isogeba) | why don't you...(conditional if)
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| base 4+ba ii (benkyou sureba ii) | it would be good if
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| base 4+ba ii noni | it would be good if...in spite of the fact that (you're bugged because someone is not doing what you asked or want them to do)
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| base 4+ ba yokatta | regret for a decision made after its too late to change it.
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| base 4 (by itself) | give orders without any hint of kindness. Yodan verbs only
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| base 4+ ru (nihongo o yomeru) | ability to do something (usually yodans only)
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| base 4+ru makes verbs end | in eru, just like most ichidans
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| base 4+nai (nihongo o yomenai) | inability to do something (usually yodans only)
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| base 4+reba (Hachi jikan nereba genki ni naru deshou) | if someone can
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| base 5 | Let's do (something) non-polite
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| base 5+ka | Suggestions to questions Ikou ka
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| base 5+ka na | I wonder if I should
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| base 5+to suru | try to do something (koyou to suru to omou)
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| Base 1+zu ni | did something without doing something else that was expected. 'without'
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| base 3+hazu | supposed to be, ought to be, planned to be
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| base 3+hou ga ii | should do, had better do, would rather do
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| Is hou ga ii active or passive | active
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| Is hazu active or passive | passive
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| Base 3+ka dou ka | whether or not
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| Base 3+kamo shiremasen | maybe or perhaps
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| kamo shirenai kamo shiremasen | cannot be known
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| base 3+kara | because or since
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| base 3+keredomo | although or but
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| Te form+kudasai | a polite request
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| Base 1+nai kudasai | polite negative requests
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| Te form+ageru (matte ageru) | someone is going to do something for someone else.
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| Te form+agemasu (denwa shite agemasu) | someone is going to do something for someone else (polite form)
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| Te form+goran (Bob ni kiite goran) | You ask someone to try something
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| Te form+goran nasai | You ask someone to try something to prove a point
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| Te form+iru (Nina wa tabete iru) | Used to show the present progressive tense
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| Te form+inai (nagging wife form??) | Used to show the negative present progressive. Also used to express 'not yet'
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| Te form+inai deshou | Probably not -ing
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| Te form+inai inakereba | If they are not -ing...
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| Te form+ita | plain past form of iru and expresses the past progressive tense.
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| Te form+itadaku (denwa shite itadakemasu ka?) | to make very polite requests. Literally 'I humbly partake' Similar to 'kudasai'.
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| Te form+morau (Ojii-chan itte moraimashou ka?) | same as itadaku but in plain form. Used to talk about a third party.
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| Te form+kara (Tabete kara kaimono ni iku) | 'after (doing something) Different from kara used as 'because' with Base 3 and 'Ta' form.
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| mi ni iku | to go and see. Base 2 form of miru
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| Te form+kureru (rokuji ni kite kureru?) | Used like kudasai when rank or 'greatness' doesn't need to be worried about. Ask a favor of family members or close friends.
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| Te form+kuremasu | Used like kudasai when rank or 'greatness' doesn't need to be worried about. Good for talking to colleagues or about others.
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| Te form+kurenai (Kyuukei sasete kurenai ka?) | Used for an urgent repeated request, especially one that's already been turned down.
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| Te form+kure | Command form of kureru. Huge difference between kudasai and kure. Be careful using this.
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| Te form+kuru/iku (nihongo ga wakatte kimashita) | to come up to or start from a given time.
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| Te form+miru (kono kanji o yonde miru) | I'll see if I can or I'll try to
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| Rusu (Bob wa ima rusu desu.) | To be out
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| Te form+mo ii (Boku no PC o tsukattemo ii yo.) | If someone were to do something it would be okay. Its ok to do something.
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| yoroshii | a more polite form of 'ii' Be careful because you may sounds like a 'big boss'
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| Te form+oku (Ron ni denwa shite oku) | will certainly do or will go ahead and do. Verbs with te-oku are often greatly compressed in native speech.
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| Te form+shimau (Densha ni noriokurete shimau yo) | 1. Finish or put away 2. express doing something that was hard to do or unexpected 3. concern about the possibility of something negative happening and/or dismay that something negative happened.
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| Te form+wa ikaga/dou desu ka | polite way to ask "how about doing (something)?"
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| Te form+wa ikemasen (Okurete wa ikemasen yo) | show that something is forbidden. In Kansai dialect is 'akan'
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| Te form for continuing statements | talk about multiple or further actions. The final verb conjugated gives the intended meaning
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| Ta form | the plain past. Conjugated just like 'te' form but with 'ta' instead. Also used as noun modifier. i.e hon yonda
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| Ta form+combinations shared with base 3 | itta deshou, kita hazu,itta houga ii (same in past as present) dekita ka dou ka, mita kamo shrenai, okureta kara, okita noni, yameta sou desu, kaetta to omoimasu, futta mitai
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| Ta form+bakari Watashi wa tabeta bakari | someone did something just now. Be careful not to confuse with te-bakari which means "all someone ever does is"
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| Ta form+koto ga aru/koto ga nai | To talk about things you or others have (have not) experienced
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| Ta form+ra (Denwa shitara, kare wa kuru deshou) | if element for conditionals. Same as base 3+nara and base 4+ba except it is used in more familiar settings.
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| Ta form +ra dame (Ima tabetara dame) | Used a lot for Don't (do something) instead of -te wa ikenai
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| Ta form+rashii (Tanaka-san wa yameru rashii) | means 'it seems that or I hear that'. Similar to base 3+sou desu but used in more familiar settings.
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| Ta form+ri | to mention various actions where accuracy or detail isn't necessary. Structures using two or more verbs is common. A general idea of actions done. Also usable for future tense.
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| Ta form+ to shitara (ima oyogi ni itta to shitara, tabun koukai suru deshou) | suppositional statements i.e. If you were to...supposing it...etc
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| Ta form+ to shite mo | like -to shitara but adds a light warning. i.e Even IF...you should remember...
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| Ta form+toki (Sore o kiita toki waratta) | talking about the time around certain events occurred
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| Ta form+tokoro (Casey heya o souji shita tokoro desu.) | states that you or someone have done something just now. Different from -ta bakari because it -ta bakari has a 'relatively speaking' feel to it. Tokoro means right now.
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| Base 3+tokoro with datta or deshita (Watashi no saifu o wasureru tokoro datta) | was just about to
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