Muscle Stack Cards
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| the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility
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| the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to stimulus | excitability
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| the ability to be stretched | extensibility
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| ability to recoil to original resting length after being stretched | elasticity
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| muscles help to... | produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature
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| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the... | epimysium
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| what is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium? | fascia
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| what surrounds and separates the muscles? | fascia
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| a muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called... | muscle fasciculi (fascicle)
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| fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissues called... | perimysium
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| fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called... | fibers
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| muscle cells are called... | muscle fibers
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| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called... | endomysium
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| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with... | myofibrils
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| myofibrils are... | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| myofibrils consist of how many major kinds of protein fibers? | two
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| what are the names for two protein fibers found in myofibrils? | actin myofilaments & myosin myofilaments
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| which myofilament is thin and they resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together? | actin myofilaments
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| which myofilament is thick and resemble bundles of minute golf clubs? | myosin myofilaments
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| actin and myosin form highly ordered units called... | sarcomeres
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| what are the highly ordered units that joine4d end to end to form the myofibril? | sarcomeres
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| what is the basic structural and functional unit if the muscle? | sarcomere
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| each sarcomere extends from... | one Z Line (disc) to another Z Line (disc)
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| each Z Line is an attachment site for... | actin
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| the arrangement of actin and myosin give what kind of appearance? | banded appearance
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| on each side of the Z Line is a light area called... | I Band
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| what does the I Band consist of? | actin
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| the A Band extends the length of... | myosin
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| the A Band is the darker or lighter central region in each sarcomere? | darker
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| in the center of each sarcomere is another light area called... | H Zone
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| the H Zone consists of only myosin or actin | myosin
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| FILL IN THE BLANK: myosin myofilaments are anchored in the ______ of the sarcomere | center
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| the outside of most cell membranes is positively charged compared to the inside of the cell membrane, which is negatively charged. the charge difference across the membrane is called the... | resting membrane potential
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| when a muscle cell is stimulated the membrane characteristics change briefly. the brief reversal back of the charge is called... | action potential
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| FILL IN THE BLANK: motor neurons are nerve cells that carry action potentials to _______ muscle fibers | skeletal
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| axons enter muscles and branch. each branch that connects to the muscle forms a... | neuromuscular
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| near the center of the cell, each branch is called a... | synapse
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| a single motor neuron and all skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a... | motor unit
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| many motor units form what? | a single muscle
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| FILL IN THE BLANK: a neuromuscular junction is formed by an _____________ __________ ___________ resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane | enlarged nerve terminal
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| the enlarged nerve terminal is the... | presynaptic terminal
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the... | synaptic cleft
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| the membrane (or the muscle fiber) of the presynaptic terminal is the... | postsynaptic terminal
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| each presynaptic terminal contains... | synaptic vesicles
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| synaptic terminals secrete a neurotransmitter called... | acetylcholine
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| acetylcholine diffuses across a synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the... | postsynaptic cell
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| when an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it causes the synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft by... | exocytosis
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| the acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor molecules in the muscle cell membrane. this action is called... | sarcolemma
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| influx initiates an action potential in the muscle cell, which causes it to... | contract
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| the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzyme called... (HINT: really big word that ends with erase) | acetylcholinsterase
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| FILL IN THE BLANK: acetylcholine breakdown ensures that one action potential in the neuron yields only one action potential in the ______ muscle, and only one contraction of the ______ cell | skeletal; muscle
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| FILL IN THE BLANK: ________ _________ occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten. | muscle contraction
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| FILL IN THE BLANK: when the sarcomeres shorten, it also causes the ________ to shorten | muscle
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments is called the... | sliding filament mechanism
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| the H & I Bands shorten, but which bands do not change in length? | A Bands
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| what term is a muscle contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers? | muscle twitch
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| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called... | threshold
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| threshold is a phenomenon called the... | all-or-nothing repsonse
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| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the... | lag phase
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| the time of contraction is the... | contraction phase
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| relaxation phase is the time during... | which the muscle relaxes
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| FILL IN THE BLANK: if successive stimuli are given you get ________ twitches that occur so frequently the muscle doesn't have time to fully relax. | successive
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| name the term where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. | tetany
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| the increase in number of motor units being activated is called... | recruitment
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| what are two major energy requirements? | ATP & ADP
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| what does ATP stand for? | adenosine triphosphate
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| what does ADP stand for? | adenosine diphosphate
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| where is ATP produced? | in the mitochondria
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| ATP is needed for... | energy for muscle contraction
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| is ATP short-lived or long-lived and unstable or stable? | short-lived; unstable
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| is ATP or ADP more stable? | ADP
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| is it necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP? | yes
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| creatine phosphate is... | another high-energy molecule that stored
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| during periods of inactivity as excess ATP is produced in the muscle cell, the energy contained in the ATP is used to... | synthesize creatine phosphate
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| during periods of activity, the energy stored in creatine phosphate can be accessed quickly and used to produce... | ATP
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| what is anaerobic respiration? | without oxygen
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| what is aerobic respiration? | with oxygen
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| what results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced? | muscle fatigue
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| isometric is... | equal distance
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| isotonic is... | equal tension
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| muscle tone refers to... | constant tension
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| fast-twitch fibers... | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow-twitch fibers... | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called... | synergists
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| muscles that work in opposition to one another are called... | antagonists
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| what are some names that are descriptive about most muscles? | according to location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function, etc.
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