A/P Notes
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| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| What do muscles do? | help produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature
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| epimysium | skeletal muscle that is surrounded by connective tissue sheath
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| fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium and it surrounds and separates muscle
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| perimysium | loose connective tissue
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| muscle cells | muscle fibers
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| endomysium | the outer connective tissue that surrounds each fiber
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| myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| What are the 2 major types of protein fibers? | actin and myosin myofilaments
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| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments: 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together
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| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments: bundles of minute golf clubs
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| sarcomeres | highly ordered units joined end to end to form the myofibril
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| resting membrane potential | the change difference across a membrane
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| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge
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| motor neutrons | are nerve cells that carry action potential to skeletal muscle fibers
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| neuromusclular junction or synapse | where each branch that connects to the muscle
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| motor unit | they form a single muscle and they are a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates
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| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell membrane
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber in between the muscle cell and terminal
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| How does synaptic vesicles work with the acetylcholine? | it diffuses across the synaptic cleft and blinds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell
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| acetylcholinesterase | the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes
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| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments during contraction
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| muscle twitch | is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| threshold | a level: at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally
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| What is this whole process called? | all-or-none response
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| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and beginning of a contraction
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| contraction phase | the time during contraction
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| relaxation phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated
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| What is ATP needed for? | it is needed for energy for muscle contraction
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| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine triphosphate
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| How is ATP produced? | it is produced in the mitochondria
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| ATP is short-lived and unstable? | true
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| What does ADP stand for? | Adenosine diphosphate
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| It is not necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP? | False
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| creatine phosphate | high energy molecule
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| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| oxygen debt | is the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reaction to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| muscle fatigue | is the result when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells
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| What are the 2 types of muscle contractions? | isometric and isotonic
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| isometric | equal distance
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| isotonic | equal tension
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| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscle of the body for long periods of time
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| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| origin | is the most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| prime mover | when one muscle plays a major role
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| Where is the H Zone located? | its located between the A Bands
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| What is the line in between the H Zone? | M line
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| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| What are the two kissing muscles? | orbicularis oris and buccinator
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| buccinator | flattens the cheeks
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| zygomaticus | smiling
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| levator labi superioris | sneering
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| depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| What is another word for chewing? | mastication
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| Name the two major muscles in mastication. | masseter and temporalis
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| tongue and swallowing muscle | is important in speech and mastication
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| What are the two types of tongue muscles? | extrinstic and instrinstic
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| extrinstic tongue muscle | moves the tongue
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| instrinstic tongue muscle | changes the shape of the tongue
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| What is the neck muscle? | sternocleidomastoid
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| sternocleidomastoid | rotates the neck
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| What is the band located on the outer part near the Z Line? | I Band
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| What does the A Band do? | extends the length of the myosin
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| Each Z Line is an attachment site for actin. | True
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| What are the four major functional characteristics? | contractibility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity
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